{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T15:44:20Z","timestamp":1777391060912,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Nature Science Foundation of China","award":["62001097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62001097"]}]},{"name":"National Nature Science Foundation of China","award":["22073014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22073014"]}]},{"name":"National Nature Science Foundation of China","award":["LH2020F001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LH2020F001"]}]},{"name":"National Nature Science Foundation of China","award":["GZ20220074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GZ20220074"]}]},{"name":"National Nature Science Foundation of China","award":["YESS20210262"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YESS20210262"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005046","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62001097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62001097"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005046","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005046","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22073014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22073014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005046","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005046","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LH2020F001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LH2020F001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005046","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005046","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GZ20220074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GZ20220074"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005046","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005046","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["YESS20210262"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YESS20210262"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005046","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST","award":["62001097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62001097"]}]},{"name":"Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST","award":["22073014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22073014"]}]},{"name":"Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST","award":["LH2020F001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LH2020F001"]}]},{"name":"Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST","award":["GZ20220074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GZ20220074"]}]},{"name":"Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST","award":["YESS20210262"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YESS20210262"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Morphology and structure play a crucial role in influencing the performance of gas sensors. Hollow structures, in particular, not only increase the specific surface area of the material but also enhance the collision frequency of gases within the shell, and have been studied in depth in the field of gas sensing. Taking SnO2 as an illustrative example, a dual-shell structure SnO2 (D-SnO2) was prepared. D-SnO2@Polyaniline (PANI) (DSPx, x represents D-SnO2 molar content) composites were synthesized via the in situ oxidative polymerization method, and simultaneously deposited onto a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate to fabricate an electrode-free, flexible sensor. The impact of the SnO2 content on the sensing performance of the DSPx-based sensor for NH3 detection at room temperature was discussed. The results showed that the response of a 20 mol% D-SnO2@PANI (DSP20) sensor to 100 ppm NH3 at room temperature is 37.92, which is 5.1 times higher than that of a pristine PANI sensor. Moreover, the DSP20 sensor demonstrated a rapid response and recovery rate at the concentration of 10 ppm NH3, with response and recovery times of 182 s and 86 s.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24061824","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T12:14:40Z","timestamp":1710245680000},"page":"1824","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Room Temperature NH3 Selective Gas Sensors Based on Double-Shell Hierarchical SnO2@polyaniline Composites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Yuan","family":"Qu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haotian","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuhua","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ziwen","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siqi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Song","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6391-9768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China"},{"name":"School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4867","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32518-3","article-title":"High-performance piezoelectric composites via \u03b2 phase programming","volume":"13","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2022.214517","article-title":"Conducting polymer-based nanostructures for gas sensors","volume":"462","author":"Xianghong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kroutil, J., Laposa, A., Povolny, V., Klimsa, L., and Husak, M. (2023). Gas sensor with different morphology of pani layer. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23031106"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsuguchi, M., Nakamae, T., Fujisada, R., and Shiba, S. (2021). Highly sensitive ammonia gas sensor using micrometer-sized core\u2013shell-type spherical polyaniline particles. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21227522"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100515","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.202100515","article-title":"Recent progress of nanostructured sensing materials from 0D to 3D: Overview of structure\u2013property-application relationship for gas sensors","volume":"5","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Small Methods"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.0c04952","article-title":"Recent developments in polymer nanocomposite-based electrochemical sensors for detecting environmental pollutants","volume":"60","author":"Tajik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2019.03.073","article-title":"Design and preparation of the WO3 Hollow @ PANI conducting films for room temperature flexible NH3 sensing device","volume":"289","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2022.131928","article-title":"Self-assembly polyaniline films for the high-performance ammonia gas sensor","volume":"365","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"132788","article-title":"PSS-doped pani nanoparticle\/Ti3C2TX composites for conductometric flexible ammonia gas sensors operated at room temperature","volume":"374","author":"Xiangyu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2023.133688","article-title":"Conductometric gas sensor based on p-type gan hexagonal pits \/pani for trace-level NH3 detection at room temperature","volume":"385","author":"Dan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2024.109291","article-title":"Ternary ordered assembled piezoelectric composite for self-powered ammonia detection","volume":"122","author":"Yi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8825","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-020-03417-4","article-title":"A one-pot hydrothermal-induced PANI\/SnO2 and PANI\/SnO2\/rGO ternary composites for high-performance chemiresistive-based H2S and NH3 gas sensors","volume":"31","author":"Saravanan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alharthy, R.D., and Saleh, A. (2021). A novel trace-level ammonia gas sensing based on flexible PANI-CoFe2O4 nanocomposite film at room temperature. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13183077"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, S.-Z., Huang, Q.-Y., and Wu, T.-M. (2022). Facile synthesis of polyaniline\/carbon-coated hollow indium oxide nanofiber composite with highly sensitive ammonia gas sensor at the room temperature. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22041570"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2022.132302","article-title":"Enhanced NH3 sensing performance of polyaniline via a facile morphology modification strategy","volume":"369","author":"Xiaohui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faricha, A., Yoshida, S., Chakraborty, P., Okamoto, K., Chang, T.-F.M., Sone, M., and Nakamoto, T. (2023). Array of miniaturized amperometric gas sensors using atomic gold decorated Pt\/PANI electrodes in room temperature ionic liquid films. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23084132"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.08.120","article-title":"Enhanced room temperature gas sensor based on au-loaded mesoporous In2O3 @ core-shell nanohybrid assembled on flexible pet substrate for NH3 detection","volume":"276","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2020.00383","article-title":"Interface design of SnO2@PANI nanotube with enhanced sensing performance for ammonia detection at room temperature","volume":"8","author":"Jia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2019.126970","article-title":"Room temperature gas sensor based on tin @ polyaniline nanocomposite assembled on flexible substrate: Ppb-level detection of NH3","volume":"299","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002122","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.202002122","article-title":"Chemiresistive gas sensors based on hollow heterojunction: A review","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2023.124442","article-title":"Engineering sensitive gas sensor based on mof-derived hollow metal-oxide semiconductor heterostructures","volume":"258","author":"Yi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2023.108788","article-title":"Integrated core-shell structured smart textiles for active NO2 concentration and pressure monitoring","volume":"116","author":"Chunxu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2023.111504","article-title":"Improved SnO2 nanowire acetone sensor with uniform Co3O4 nanoparticle decoration","volume":"11","author":"Zhicheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"114915","article-title":"Room temperature solid electrolyte ozone sensor based on ag-doped SnO2","volume":"365","author":"Shan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.3c01825","article-title":"Size-dependent response of hydrothermally grown SnO2 for a high-performance NO2 sensor and the impact of oxygen","volume":"9","author":"Songlin","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2023.134018","article-title":"Enhancement of xylene gas sensing by using Au core structures in regard to Au@SnO2 core-shell nanocomposites","volume":"392","author":"Jae","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202300505","DOI":"10.1002\/asia.202300505","article-title":"A gas sensor with enhanced sensing properties towards butyl acetate: Vascular bundle structure Zn2SnO4 derived from maize straw","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Asian J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.1039\/C9QI00490D","article-title":"Hollow multi-shell structured SnO2 with enhanced performance for ultraviolet photodetectors","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem. Front."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2023.134070","article-title":"Hollow multi-shelled structural SnO2 with multiple spatial confinement for ethanol gas sensing","volume":"338","author":"Ke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1039\/C9QM00700H","article-title":"Recent progress in the syntheses and applications of multishelled hollow nanostructures","volume":"4","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Front."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300681","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202300681","article-title":"Response and regulation of the microenvironment based on hollow structured drug delivery systems","volume":"33","author":"Decai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1109\/TNB.2022.3186941","article-title":"Construction of bimetallic hybrid multishell hollow spheres via sequential template approach for less cytotoxic antimicrobial effect","volume":"22","author":"Parvin","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. NanoBiosci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2023.171182","article-title":"High sensitivity and surface mechanism of mofs-derived metal oxide Co3O4-SnO2 hollow spheres to ethanol","volume":"962","author":"Zhenkai","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.11.168","article-title":"Facile fabrication of polyaniline\/multi-walled carbon nanotubes\/molybdenum disulfide ternary nanocomposite and its high-performance ammonia-sensing at room temperature","volume":"258","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2020.108131","article-title":"Design of the novel polyaniline\/polysiloxane flexible nanocomposite film and its application in gas sensor","volume":"196","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2023.156381","article-title":"Novel SnO2\/PANI nanocomposites for selective detection of ammonia at room temperature","volume":"615","author":"Mohammad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, Q., Zhang, H., Shi, Y., Yu, X., and Lan, G. (2021). Preparation and gas sensing properties of PANI\/SnO2 hybrid material. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13091360"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2019.03.055","article-title":"Flexible and highly sensitive H2S gas sensor based on in-situ polymerized SnO2\/rGO\/PANI ternary nanocomposite with application in halitosis diagnosis","volume":"289","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.11.081","article-title":"The room temperature gas sensor based on @ WO3 nanocomposites and flexible pet substrate for NH3 detection","volume":"259","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42196","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA03049A","article-title":"Synthesis and sensing applications of polyaniline nanocomposites: A review","volume":"6","author":"Sen","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2021.129971","article-title":"Sn doping effect on NiO hollow nanofibers based gas sensors about the humidity dependence for triethylamine detection","volume":"340","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12150","DOI":"10.1039\/D2TA01825J","article-title":"Template-free synthesis of a wafer-sized polyaniline nanoscale film with high electrical conductivity for trace ammonia gas sensing","volume":"10","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202204284","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.202204284","article-title":"Enhanced sensing performance of an ammonia gas sensor based on Ag-decorated ZnO nanorods\/polyaniline nanocomposite","volume":"8","author":"Narayan","year":"2023","journal-title":"ChemistrySelect"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2022.109720","article-title":"Stretchable strain sensor with high sensitivity, large workable range and excellent breathability for wearable electronic skins","volume":"229","author":"Pengfei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.1007\/s40843-020-1364-4","article-title":"Flexible fabric gas sensors based on PANI\/WO3 p\u2212n heterojunction for high performance NH3 detection at room temperature","volume":"63","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. China Mater."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2021.129444","article-title":"The gas sensor utilizing polyaniline\/ MoS2 nanosheets\/ SnO2 nanotubes for the room temperature detection of ammonia","volume":"332","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/6\/1824\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:12:34Z","timestamp":1760105554000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/6\/1824"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s24061824"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24061824","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]]}}}