{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T21:03:08Z","timestamp":1769115788073,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]],"date-time":"2024-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62027812"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62027812"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62273186"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62273186"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019IRS05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019IRS05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems","award":["62027812"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62027812"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems","award":["62273186"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62273186"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems","award":["2019IRS05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019IRS05"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Currently, robots are playing significant roles in industry [...]<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24061854","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]],"date-time":"2024-03-14T05:43:08Z","timestamp":1710394988000},"page":"1854","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Sensors for Robots"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, The Engineering Research Center of Trusted Behavior Intelligence, Ministry of Education, The Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robotics (tjKLIR), Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information System (IRAIS), Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China"},{"name":"The Institute of Intelligence Technology and Robotic Systems, Shenzhen Research Institute of Nankai University, Shenzhen 518083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingzhu","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, The Engineering Research Center of Trusted Behavior Intelligence, Ministry of Education, The Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robotics (tjKLIR), Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information System (IRAIS), Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China"},{"name":"The Institute of Intelligence Technology and Robotic Systems, Shenzhen Research Institute of Nankai University, Shenzhen 518083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qili","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, The Engineering Research Center of Trusted Behavior Intelligence, Ministry of Education, The Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robotics (tjKLIR), Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information System (IRAIS), Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China"},{"name":"The Institute of Intelligence Technology and Robotic Systems, Shenzhen Research Institute of Nankai University, Shenzhen 518083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dzedzickis, A., Suba\u010di\u016bt\u0117-\u017demaitien\u0117, J., \u0160utinys, E., Samukait\u0117-Bubnien\u0117, U., and Bu\u010dinskas, V. (2021). Advanced applications of industrial robotics: New trends and possibilities. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12010135"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.5772\/56670","article-title":"Mobile robot for life science automation","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Robot. Syst."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2831","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-020-10377-z","article-title":"An overview of teacher training programs in educational robotics: Characteristics, best practices and recommendations","volume":"26","author":"Schina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabi8017","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.abi8017","article-title":"A decade retrospective of medical robotics research from 2010 to 2020","volume":"6","author":"Dupont","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Robot."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2020.01.003","article-title":"A review of recent research in social robotics","volume":"36","author":"Sheridan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s43154-020-00039-w","article-title":"Cooperative multirobot systems for military applications","volume":"2","author":"Gans","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Robot. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.2991\/jrnal.2017.3.4.12","article-title":"The future of Robotics Technology","volume":"3","author":"Pagliarini","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Robotics Netw. Artif. Life"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3331144","article-title":"Beyond R2D2: Designing multimodal interaction behavior for robot-specific morphology","volume":"8","author":"Karreman","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Hum.-Robot Interact. (THRI)"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/0250-6874(86)80046-4","article-title":"Sensors for applications in robotics","volume":"10","author":"Regtien","year":"1986","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-020-02143-7","article-title":"A novel noncontact detection method of surgeon\u2019s operation for a master-slave endovascular surgery robot","volume":"58","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3838","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2020.2977257","article-title":"Digit: A novel design for a low-cost compact high-resolution tactile sensor with application to in-hand manipulation","volume":"5","author":"Lambeta","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s40543-019-0194-0","article-title":"Fabrication of novel polymer-modified graphene-based electrochemical sensor for the determination of mercury and lead ions in water and biological samples","volume":"11","author":"Raril","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anal. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2020.1003381","article-title":"An overview of calibration technology of industrial robots","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE\/CAA J. Autom. Sin."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.010.2100152","article-title":"Integrating sensing and communications for ubiquitous IoT: Applications, trends, and challenges","volume":"35","author":"Cui","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.138335","article-title":"Preparation of gradient hydrogel for pressure sensing by combining freezing and directional diffusion processes","volume":"451","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krishnamurthi, R., Kumar, A., Gopinathan, D., Nayyar, A., and Qureshi, B. (2020). An overview of IoT sensor data processing, fusion, and analysis techniques. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20216076"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2020.07.001","article-title":"A review of flexible force sensors for human health monitoring","volume":"26","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.precisioneng.2024.02.015","article-title":"A Novel Vision-Based Multi-Functional Sensor for Normality and Position Measurements in Precise Robotic Manufacturing","volume":"88","author":"Halwani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Precis. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11944","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88595-9","article-title":"Backward spatial perception can be augmented through a novel visual-to-auditory sensory substitution algorithm","volume":"11","author":"Netzer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"711","article-title":"Crop yield prediction using multi sensors remote sensing","volume":"25","author":"Ali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Remote Sens. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20737","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-99722-x","article-title":"A reconfigurable intelligent surface with integrated sensing capability","volume":"11","author":"Alamzadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andronie, M., L\u0103z\u0103roiu, G., \u0218tef\u0103nescu, R., U\u021b\u0103, C., and Dijm\u0103rescu, I. (2021). Sustainable, smart, and sensing technologies for cyber-physical manufacturing systems: A systematic literature review. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13105495"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Landaluce, H., Arjona, L., Perallos, A., Falcone, F., Angulo, I., and Muralter, F. (2020). A review of IoT sensing applications and challenges using RFID and wireless sensor networks. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20092495"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2019.11.001","article-title":"Multi-sensor fusion for body sensor network in medical human\u2013robot interaction scenario","volume":"57","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanchez-Ibanez, J., Perez-del-Pulgar, C., and Garc\u00eda-Cerezo, A. (2021). Path planning for autonomous mobile robots: A review. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21237898"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7596","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2021.3098304","article-title":"Large-scale exploration of cave environments by unmanned aerial vehicles","volume":"6","author":"Saska","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1109\/MIM.2020.9062680","article-title":"Autonomous underwater vehicles: Instrumentation and measurements","volume":"23","author":"Papaelias","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Instrum. Meas. Mag."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-020-0229-6","article-title":"Solid-state nanopore sensors","volume":"5","author":"Xue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1002\/inf2.12060","article-title":"Physical sensors for skin-inspired electronics","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"InfoMat"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11598","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c03310","article-title":"Metasurface micro\/nano-optical sensors: Principles and applications","volume":"16","author":"Qin","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Nano"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/6\/1854\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:13:16Z","timestamp":1760105596000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/6\/1854"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s24061854"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24061854","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]]}}}