{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T06:41:32Z","timestamp":1780641692287,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,16]],"date-time":"2024-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Romania National Council for Higher Education Funding, CNFIS","award":["CNFIS-FDI-2023-F-0579"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNFIS-FDI-2023-F-0579"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>LEO satellite constellations can provide a viable alternative to expand connectivity to remote, isolated geographical areas and complement existing IoT terrestrial communication infrastructures. This paper aims to improve LEO satellite communications by implementing a new phased antenna array system that can significantly improve the radio communication link\u2019s performance. By adjusting the progressive phase shift to each element of the antenna array system, the direction of the main radiation lobe of the phased antenna array system can be controlled with accuracy. As far as we know, it is the first time that a four-element, three-quarter wavelength phased antenna array system has been successfully realized with the intention of being optimized for implementation in LEO IoT satellite reception systems. The proposed system\u2019s high level of performance is confirmed by the measurements, which indicate effective control of the main radiation lobe orientation. The numerical analysis shows a maximum gain close to 12 dBi for about 42\u00b0 elevation, a Half Power Beamwidth (HPBW) of 32\u00b0 in the vertical plane, and 80\u00b0 in the azimuth plane. The experimental measurement results at various main lobe orientation angles revealed an HPBW ranging from 76\u00b0 to 87\u00b0 in the azimuth plane and a maximum Front-to-Back ratio (F\/B) of 14.5 dB.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24061915","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]],"date-time":"2024-03-18T04:25:15Z","timestamp":1710735915000},"page":"1915","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The Design and Implementation of a Phased Antenna Array System for LEO Satellite Communications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Cezar-Ion","family":"Adomnitei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computers, Electronics and Automation, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania"},{"name":"Integrated Center for Research, Development and Innovation in Advanced Materials, Nanotechnologies and Distributed Systems for Fabrication and Control, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cezar-Eduard","family":"Lesanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computers, Electronics and Automation, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Done","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computers, Electronics and Automation, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Carolina University, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2093-8659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihai","family":"Dimian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computers, Electronics and Automation, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania"},{"name":"Integrated Center for Research, Development and Innovation in Advanced Materials, Nanotechnologies and Distributed Systems for Fabrication and Control, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7734-4854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandru","family":"Lavric","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computers, Electronics and Automation, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Straits Research (2023, October 21). 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