{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T17:58:18Z","timestamp":1777658298188,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,17]],"date-time":"2024-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Xiangtan University Doctoral Research Initiation","award":["21QDZ63"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21QDZ63"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Droplet transfer frequency is a decisive factor in welding quality and efficiency in gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW). However, there still needs to be a monitoring method for droplet transfer frequency with high precision and good real-time performance. Therefore, a real-time monitoring method for droplet transfer frequency in wire-filled GTAW using arc sensing is proposed in this paper. An arc signal acquisition system is developed, and the wavelet filtering method filters out noise from the arc signal. An arc signal segmentation method\u2014based on the OTSU algorithm and a feature extraction method for droplet transition based on density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN)\u2014is proposed to extract the feature signal of the droplet transition. A new conception of droplet transition uniformity is proposed, and it can be used to monitor the weld bead width uniformity. Numerous experiments for monitoring droplet transfer frequency in real time are conducted with typical welding parameters. This method enables the real-time observation of droplet transfer frequency, and the result shows that the average monitoring error is less than 0.05 Hz.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24061924","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]],"date-time":"2024-03-18T04:25:15Z","timestamp":1710735915000},"page":"1924","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A Real-Time Monitoring Method for Droplet Transfer Frequency in Wire-Filled GTAW Based on Arc Sensing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Aiting","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Schoool of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Complex Track Processing Technology & Equipment, Ministry of Education, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yifang","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schoool of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schoool of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Complex Track Processing Technology & Equipment, Ministry of Education, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiangwen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schoool of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Complex Track Processing Technology & Equipment, Ministry of Education, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schoool of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Complex Track Processing Technology & Equipment, Ministry of Education, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mina","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schoool of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215S","DOI":"10.29391\/2019.98.019","article-title":"High-Speed Tandem Pulsed GTAW of Thin Stainless Steel Plate","volume":"98","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Weld. 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