{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]],"date-time":"2026-06-14T07:02:54Z","timestamp":1781420574414,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]],"date-time":"2024-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The remote monitoring of vital signs and healthcare provision has become an urgent necessity due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the world. Blood oxygen level, heart rate, and body temperature data are crucial for managing the disease and ensuring timely medical care. This study proposes a low-cost wearable device employing non-contact sensors to monitor, process, and visualize critical variables, focusing on body temperature measurement as a key health indicator. The wearable device developed offers a non-invasive and continuous method to gather wrist and forehead temperature data. However, since there is a discrepancy between wrist and actual forehead temperature, this study incorporates statistical methods and machine learning to estimate the core forehead temperature from the wrist. This research collects 2130 samples from 30 volunteers, and both the statistical least squares method and machine learning via linear regression are applied to analyze these data. It is observed that all models achieve a significant fit, but the third-degree polynomial model stands out in both approaches. It achieves an R2 value of 0.9769 in the statistical analysis and 0.9791 in machine learning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24061944","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]],"date-time":"2024-03-18T10:54:38Z","timestamp":1710759278000},"page":"1944","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A Low-Cost Wearable Device to Estimate Body Temperature Based on Wrist Temperature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8844-8891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcela E.","family":"Mata-Romero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Subdirecci\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n, Centro de Ense\u00f1anza T\u00e9cnica Industrial, C. Nueva Escocia 1885, Guadalajara 44638, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1152-8049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar A.","family":"Simental-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Posgrado en Ingenier\u00eda y Tecnolog\u00eda Aplicada, Unidad Acad\u00e9mica de Ingenier\u00eda El\u00e9ctrica, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0743-842X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e9ctor A.","family":"Guerrero-Osuna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Posgrado en Ingenier\u00eda y Tecnolog\u00eda Aplicada, Unidad Acad\u00e9mica de Ingenier\u00eda El\u00e9ctrica, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7095-9984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis F.","family":"Luque-Vega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technological and Industrial Processes ITESO AC, Tlaquepaque 45604, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4998-1554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Lopez-Neri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n, Innovaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo Tecnol\u00f3gico CIIDETEC-UVM, Universidad del Valle de M\u00e9xico, Tlaquepaque 45601, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8019-8755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerardo","family":"Ornelas-Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Posgrado en Ingenier\u00eda y Tecnolog\u00eda Aplicada, Unidad Acad\u00e9mica de Ingenier\u00eda El\u00e9ctrica, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Casta\u00f1eda-Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Posgrado en Ingenier\u00eda y Tecnolog\u00eda Aplicada, Unidad Acad\u00e9mica de Ingenier\u00eda El\u00e9ctrica, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9278-2094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma. del Rosario","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Blanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Posgrado en Ingenier\u00eda y Tecnolog\u00eda Aplicada, Unidad Acad\u00e9mica de Ingenier\u00eda El\u00e9ctrica, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0955-3002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas Antonio","family":"Nava-Pintor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Posgrado en Ingenier\u00eda y Tecnolog\u00eda Aplicada, Unidad Acad\u00e9mica de Ingenier\u00eda El\u00e9ctrica, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6213-742X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabi\u00e1n","family":"Garc\u00eda-V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Posgrado en Ingenier\u00eda y Tecnolog\u00eda Aplicada, Unidad Acad\u00e9mica de Ingenier\u00eda El\u00e9ctrica, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101879","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2930962","article-title":"A Survey and Classification of Security and Privacy Research in Smart Healthcare Systems","volume":"7","author":"Algarni","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W.-H., and Hsu, W.-S. (2023). Integrating Artificial Intelligence and Wearable IoT System in Long-Term Care Environments. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23135913"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18332\/popmed\/152606","article-title":"The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the management of patients with chronic diseases in Primary Health Care","volume":"4","author":"Stachteas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Popul. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filip, R., Gheorghita Puscaselu, R., Anchidin-Norocel, L., Dimian, M., and Savage, W.K. (2022). Global Challenges to Public Health Care Systems during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review of Pandemic Measures and Problems. J. Pers. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12081295"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, A., Ahmad Farouk, I., and Lal, S.K. (2021). COVID-19: A Review on the Novel Coronavirus Disease Evolution, Transmission, Detection, Control and Prevention. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13020202"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lakhani, H.V., Pillai, S.S., Zehra, M., Sharma, I., and Sodhi, K. (2020). Systematic Review of Clinical Insights into Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic: Persisting Challenges in U.S. Rural Population. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17124279"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2020.09.011","article-title":"Responses to COVID-19: The role of governance, healthcare infrastructure, and learning from past pandemics. Journal of business research","volume":"122","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imu.2020.100428","article-title":"Smart healthcare support for remote patient monitoring during COVID-19 quarantine","volume":"20","author":"Taiwo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inform. Med. Unlocked"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1007\/s11628-020-00428-3","article-title":"Healthcare wearable devices: An analysis of key factors for continuous use intention","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Serv. Bus."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1109\/RBME.2020.2992838","article-title":"Wearable sensing and telehealth technology with potential applications in the coronavirus pandemic. IEEE reviews in biomedical engineering","volume":"14","author":"Ding","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0160vantner, M., Lang, V., Sk\u00e1la, J., Kohlsch\u00fctter, T., Honner, M., Muzika, L., and Kosov\u00e1, E. (2022). Statistical Study on Human Temperature Measurement by Infrared Thermography. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22218395"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1159\/000515576","article-title":"Wearable Devices: Current Status and Opportunities in Pain Assessment and Management","volume":"5","author":"Leroux","year":"2021","journal-title":"Digit. Biomarkers"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, A., Zhu, J., Lin, Q., and Liu, W. (2022). A Comparative Study of Forehead Temperature and Core Body Temperature under Varying Ambient Temperature Conditions. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192315883"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hymczak, H., Go\u0142\u0105b, A., Mendrala, K., Plicner, D., Darocha, T., Podsiad\u0142o, P., Hudziak, D., Goco\u0142, R., and Kosi\u0144ski, S. (2021). Core temperature measurement\u2014principles of correct measurement, problems, and complications. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182010606"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tesa\u0159, J., Muzika, L., Sk\u00e1la, J., Kohlsch\u00fctter, T., and Honner, M. (2023). Measurement and Processing of Thermographic Data of Passing Persons for Epidemiological Purposes. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23062945"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khalid A, M., Khafaga D, S., Aldakheel E, A., and Hosny K, M. (2023). Human Activity Recognition Using Hybrid Coronavirus Disease Optimization Algorithm for Internet of Medical Things. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23135862"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8707","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3045653","article-title":"Recent Advances in the Internet-of-Medical-Things (IoMT) Systems Security","volume":"8","author":"Ghubaish","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"An, T., Wen, J., Dong, Z., Zhang, Y., Zhang, J., Qin, F., Wang, Y., and Zhao, X. (2023). Plasmonic Biosensors with Nanostructure for Healthcare Monitoring and Diseases Diagnosis. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23010445"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Motti, V.G. (2020). Wearable Interaction, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-27111-4"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, H.-Y., Chen, A., and Chen, C. (2020). Investigation of the Impact of Infrared Sensors on Core Body Temperature Monitoring by Comparing Measurement Sites. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20102885"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1","article-title":"A framework for human activity recognition based on WiFi CSI signal enhancement","volume":"2021","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1007\/s00034-019-01116-y","article-title":"Human activity recognition based on wearable sensor using hierarchical deep LSTM networks","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circuits Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0160vantner, M., Lang, V., Sk\u00e1la, J., Kohlsch\u00fctter, T., Honner, M., Muzika, L., and Kosov\u00e1, E. (2022, January 25\u201327). Possibilities and limits of human temperature measurement by thermographic methods. Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for Living Environment (MetroLivEn), Cosenza, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/MetroLivEnv54405.2022.9826942"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.38094\/jastt1457","article-title":"A review on linear regression comprehensive in machine learning","volume":"4","author":"Maulud","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Sci. Technol. Trends"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ohx.2020.e00168","article-title":"Infrared thermometer on the wall (iThermowall): An open source and 3-D print infrared thermometer for fever screening","volume":"9","author":"Abuzairi","year":"2021","journal-title":"HardwareX"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2021.09.142","article-title":"Wearable Heat Stroke Detection System in IoT-based Environment","volume":"192","author":"Son","year":"2021","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imu.2021.100588","article-title":"IoT based wearable device to monitor the signs of quarantined remote patients of COVID-19","volume":"24","author":"Hussain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inform. Med. Unlocked"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e40226","DOI":"10.2196\/40226","article-title":"ChroniSense National Early Warning Score Study: Comparison Study of a Wearable Wrist Device to Measure Vital Signs in Patients Who Are Hospitalized","volume":"25","author":"Oke","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30863","DOI":"10.2196\/30863","article-title":"Continuous monitoring of vital signs with wearable sensors during daily life activities: Validation study","volume":"6","author":"Haveman","year":"2022","journal-title":"JMIR Form. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jelbeb, S., and Alzubi, A. (2023). A Visual User Interfaces for Constant Checking of Non-Invasive Physiological Parameters. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13169192"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Umiatin, U., Indrasari, W., Taryudi, T., and Dendi, A.F. (2022). Development of a Multisensor-Based Non-Contact Anthropometric System for Early Stunting Detection. J. Sens. Actuator Networks, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jsan11040069"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s7","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjinnov-2021-000707","article-title":"Vital sign monitoring using wearable devices in a Vietnamese intensive care unit","volume":"7","author":"Van","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Innov."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banu, E.A., and Rajamani, V. (2023). Design of Online Vitals Monitor by Integrating Big Data and IoT. Comput. Syst. Sci. Eng., 44.","DOI":"10.32604\/csse.2023.021332"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.30880\/ijie.2023.15.03.002","article-title":"Development of an IoT Embedded Wearable Device with Non-Contact Temperature Detector for Early Detection of Fever","volume":"15","author":"Azman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Integr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.irbm.2023.100810","article-title":"A Wearable Monitoring Device for COVID-19 Biometric Symptoms Detection","volume":"44","author":"Costa","year":"2023","journal-title":"IRBM"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Irawati, I.D., Hadiyoso, S., Alfaruq, A., Novianti, A., and Rizal, A. (2022). Self-Oxygen Regulator System for COVID-19 Patients Based on Body Weight, Respiration Rate, and Blood Saturation. Electronics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11091380"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8936121","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8936121","article-title":"Development of a Wireless Health Monitoring System for Measuring Core Body Temperature from the Back of the Body","volume":"2019","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Healthc. Eng."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/17686733.2018.1497877","article-title":"The correlation between tympanic membrane temperature and specific region of face temperature","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Quant. InfraRed Thermogr. J."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"4653923","article-title":"Machine Learning for Healthcare Wearable Devices: The Big Picture","volume":"2022","author":"Eltaras","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Healthc. Eng."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53632-7.00515-3","article-title":"5.06-Measurement of Temperatures of the Human Body","volume":"5","author":"Werner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compr. Biomed. Phys."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01339-0","article-title":"Wearable sensors enable personalized predictions of clinical laboratory measurements","volume":"27","author":"Dunn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kristinsson, \u00c6.\u00d6., Gu, Y., Rasmussen, S.M., M\u00f8lgaard, J., Haahr-Raunkj\u00e6r, C., Meyhoff, C.S., and S\u00f8rensen, H.B. (2022). Prediction of serious outcomes based on continuous vital sign monitoring of high-risk patients. Comput. Biol. Med., 147.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2022.105559"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Makhlouf, K., Hmidi, Z., Kahloul, L., Benhrazallah, S., and Ababsa, T. (2021, January 15\u201316). On the forecasting of body temperature using iot and machine learning techniques. Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Theoretical and Applicative Aspects of Computer, Skikda, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTAACS53298.2021.9715211"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piccinini, F., Martinelli, G., and Carbonaro, A. (2021). Reliability of Body Temperature Measurements Obtained with Contactless Infrared Point Thermometers Commonly Used during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21113794"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guerrero-Osuna, H.A., Luque-Vega, L.F., Carlos-Mancilla, M.A., Ornelas-Vargas, G., Casta\u00f1eda-Miranda, V.H., and Carrasco-Navarro, R. (2021). Implementation of a MEIoT weather station with exogenous disturbance input. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21051653"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sindhwani, N., Anand, R., Vashisth, R., Chauhan, S., Talukdar, V., and Dhabliya, D. (2022, January 25\u201327). Thingspeak-Based Environmental Monitoring System Using IoT. Proceedings of the 2022 Seventh International Conference on Parallel, Distributed and Grid Computing (PDGC), Solan, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/PDGC56933.2022.10053167"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glr001","article-title":"Is Older Colder or Colder Older? The Association of Age With Body Temperature in 18,630 Individuals","volume":"66","author":"Waalen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esparza-G\u00f3mez, J.M., Luque-Vega, L.F., Guerrero-Osuna, H.A., Carrasco-Navarro, R., Garc\u00eda-V\u00e1zquez, F., Mata-Romero, M.E., Olvera-Olvera, C.A., Carlos-Mancilla, M.A., and Sol\u00eds-S\u00e1nchez, L.O. (2023). Long Short-Term Memory Recurrent Neural Network and Extreme Gradient Boosting Algorithms Applied in a Greenhouse\u2019s Internal Temperature Prediction. Appl. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/app132212341"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ram\u00edrez-Correa, P., Ram\u00edrez-Rivas, C., Alfaro-P\u00e9rez, J., and Melo-Mariano, A. (2020). Telemedicine acceptance during the COVID-19 pandemic: An empirical example of robust consistent partial least squares path modeling. Symmetry, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym12101593"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ekum, M., and Ogunsanya, A. (2020). Application of hierarchical polynomial regression models to predict transmission of COVID-19 at global level. Int. J. Clin. Biostat. Biom., 6.","DOI":"10.23937\/2469-5831\/1510027"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/6\/1944\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:15:29Z","timestamp":1760105729000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/6\/1944"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s24061944"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24061944","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]]}}}