{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T23:31:24Z","timestamp":1775086284524,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]],"date-time":"2024-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Academy of Finland Profi6 funding"},{"name":"6G-Enabling Sustainable Society (University of Oulu, Finland)"},{"name":"European Structural and Investment Funds\u2014European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)"},{"name":"EMUVALID"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The development of new medical-monitoring applications requires precise modeling of effects on the human body as well as the simulation and the emulation of realistic scenarios and conditions. The first aim of this paper is to develop realistic and adjustable 3D human-body emulation platforms that could be used for evaluating emerging microwave-based medical monitoring\/sensing applications such as the detection of brain tumors, strokes, and breast cancers, as well as for capsule endoscopy studies. New phantom recipes are developed for microwave ranges for phantom molds with realistic shapes. The second aim is to validate the feasibility and reliability of using the phantoms for practical scenarios with electromagnetic simulations using tissue-layer models and biomedical antennas. The third aim is to investigate the impact of the water temperature in the phantom-cooking phase on the dielectric properties of the stabilized phantom. The evaluations show that the dielectric properties of the developed phantoms correspond closely to those of real human tissue. The error in dielectric properties varies between 0.5\u20138%. In the practical-scenario simulations, the differences obtained with phantoms-based simulations in S21 parameters are 0.1\u201313 dB. However, the differences are smaller in the frequency ranges used for medical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24061975","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]],"date-time":"2024-03-20T05:56:07Z","timestamp":1710914167000},"page":"1975","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Realistic 3D Phantoms for Validation of Microwave Sensing in Health Monitoring Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6967-1908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariella","family":"S\u00e4rest\u00f6niemi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland"},{"name":"Centre for Wireless Communications, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0587-1476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daljeet","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland"}]},{"given":"Rakshita","family":"Dessai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microelectronics Research Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland"}]},{"given":"Charline","family":"Heredia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optoelectronics and Measurements Research Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6213-0121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sami","family":"Myllym\u00e4ki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microelectronics Research Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland"}]},{"given":"Teemu","family":"Myllyl\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland"},{"name":"Optoelectronics and Measurements Research Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland"},{"name":"Medical Research Center Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1109\/MPUL.2017.2701489","article-title":"Human Breast Phantoms: Test Beds for the Development of Microwave Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technologies","volume":"8","author":"Neira","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Pulse"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costanzo, S., Cioffi, V., Qureshi, A.M., and Borgia, A. 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