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The primary objective of the study was to compare the Anspec-PRO device with two other commercial devices (Medasense, Medstorm). This comparison was designed to be conducted under the same conditions for the three devices. This was carried out during total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) by investigating its outcomes related to noxious stimulus. In a carefully designed clinical protocol during general anesthesia from induction until emergence, we extract data for estimating individualized causal dynamic models between drug infusion and their monitored effect variables. Specifically, these are Propofol hypnotic drug to Bispectral index of hypnosis level and Remifentanil opioid drug to each of the three aforementioned devices. When compared, statistical analysis of the regions before and during the standardized stimulus shows consistent difference between regions for all devices and for all indices. These results suggest that the proposed methodology for data extraction and processing for AnspecPro delivers the same information as the two commercial devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24072031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]],"date-time":"2024-03-22T10:03:59Z","timestamp":1711101839000},"page":"2031","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Development, Validation, and Comparison of a Novel Nociception\/Anti-Nociception Monitor against Two Commercial Monitors in General Anesthesia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7685-035X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara M.","family":"Ionescu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electromechanics, System and Metal Engineering, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Automation, Technical University Cluj-Napoca, Memorandumului Street 20, 400114 Cluj, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6010-830X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dana","family":"Copot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electromechanics, System and Metal Engineering, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Erhan","family":"Yumuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electromechanics, System and Metal Engineering, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Control and Automation Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul 34469, Turkey"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"De Keyser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electromechanics, System and Metal Engineering, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2301-4133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Muresan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automation, Technical University Cluj-Napoca, Memorandumului Street 20, 400114 Cluj, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5658-850X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabela Roxana","family":"Birs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electromechanics, System and Metal Engineering, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Automation, Technical University Cluj-Napoca, Memorandumului Street 20, 400114 Cluj, Romania"}]},{"given":"Ghada","family":"Ben Othman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electromechanics, System and Metal Engineering, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Hamed","family":"Farbakhsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electromechanics, System and Metal Engineering, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Amani R.","family":"Ynineb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electromechanics, System and Metal Engineering, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Martine","family":"Neckebroek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s40140-022-00539-9","article-title":"Impact of closed-loop technology, machine learning, and artificial intelligence on patient safety and the future of anesthesia","volume":"12","author":"Verdonck","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. 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