{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T23:31:47Z","timestamp":1780356707474,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]],"date-time":"2024-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["U2006218"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2006218"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62101055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62101055"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["22004009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22004009"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["BPHR20220124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BPHR20220124"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["QXTCP A202103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QXTCP A202103"]}]},{"name":"The Project of Construction and Support for high-level Innovative Teams of Beijing Municipal Institutions","award":["U2006218"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2006218"]}]},{"name":"The Project of Construction and Support for high-level Innovative Teams of Beijing Municipal Institutions","award":["62101055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62101055"]}]},{"name":"The Project of Construction and Support for high-level Innovative Teams of Beijing Municipal Institutions","award":["22004009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22004009"]}]},{"name":"The Project of Construction and Support for high-level Innovative Teams of Beijing Municipal Institutions","award":["BPHR20220124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BPHR20220124"]}]},{"name":"The Project of Construction and Support for high-level Innovative Teams of Beijing Municipal Institutions","award":["QXTCP A202103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QXTCP A202103"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Information Science &amp; Technology University","award":["U2006218"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2006218"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Information Science &amp; Technology University","award":["62101055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62101055"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Information Science &amp; Technology University","award":["22004009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22004009"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Information Science &amp; Technology University","award":["BPHR20220124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BPHR20220124"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Information Science &amp; Technology University","award":["QXTCP A202103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QXTCP A202103"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, hydroacoustic transducers made of PZT\/epoxy composites have been extensively employed in underwater detection, communication, and recognition for their high energy conversion efficiency. Despite the ease with which these transducers can be formed into complex shapes, their lack of mechanical flexibility limits their versatility across various sizes of underwater vehicles. This study introduces a novel flexible piezoelectric composite hydroacoustic transducer (FPCHT) based on a 1-3 PZT-5A\/silicone rubber composite and an island\u2013bridge flexible electrode, which can break the limitations of existing hydroacoustic transducers that do not have flexibility. The finite element method is used to optimize the structural parameters of high-performance 1-3 FPC. A large-sized (187 mm \u00d7 47 mm \u00d7 5.12 mm) FPC is fabricated using an improved cutting\u2013filling method and packaged into the FPCHT. Compared with the planar rigid PZT\/epoxy composite hydroacoustic transducer (RPCHT) of the same size, the TVR (186.5 db) of the FPCHT has increased by about 7 dB, indicating that it has better acoustic radiation performance and electroacoustic conversion efficiency. Furthermore, its electroacoustic performance exhibits excellent stability under different bending states. Therefore, the FPCHT with high electroacoustic performance is an ideal substitute for the existing RPCHT and promotes the development of hydroacoustic transducers towards flexibility and portability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24072081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]],"date-time":"2024-03-25T12:32:36Z","timestamp":1711369956000},"page":"2081","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A High-Performance Flexible Hydroacoustic Transducer Based on 1-3 PZT-5A\/Silicone Rubber Composite"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Shaohua","family":"Hao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory for Sensors, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Likun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3975-243X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory for Sensors, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martins, M.S., Faria, C.L., Matos, T., Goncalves, L.M., Cabral, J., Silva, A., and Jesus, S.M. 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