{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T04:22:10Z","timestamp":1780633330872,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFB4702903"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB4702903"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NKYKK202210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NKYKK202210"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Nankai University Eye Institute","award":["2022YFB4702903"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB4702903"]}]},{"name":"Nankai University Eye Institute","award":["NKYKK202210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NKYKK202210"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microinjection is usually applied to the treatment of some retinal disorders, such as retinal vein cannulation and displaced submacular hemorrhage. Currently, the microinjection procedure is usually performed by using the viscous fluid control of a standard vitrectomy system, which applies a fixed air pressure through foot pedal activation. The injection process with the fixed pressure is uncontrollable and lacks feedback, the high flow rate of the injected drug may cause damage to the fundus tissue. In this paper, a liquid-driven microinjection system with a flow sensor is designed and developed specifically for fundus injection. In addition, a PID sliding mode control (SMC) method is proposed to achieve precise injection in the injection system. The experimental results of fundus simulation injection demonstrate that the microinjection system meets the requirements of fundus injection and reduces the impact of the injection process on the fundus tissue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24072140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T12:41:57Z","timestamp":1711543317000},"page":"2140","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Liquid-Driven Microinjection System for Precise Fundus Injection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6233-5959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiyu","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Engineering Research Center of Trusted Behavior Intelligence, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robotics, Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information System, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China"},{"name":"Institute of Intelligence Technology and Robotic Systems, Shenzhen Research Institute of Nankai University, Shenzhen 518083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Engineering Research Center of Trusted Behavior Intelligence, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robotics, Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information System, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China"},{"name":"Institute of Intelligence Technology and Robotic Systems, Shenzhen Research Institute of Nankai University, Shenzhen 518083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rongxin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Engineering Research Center of Trusted Behavior Intelligence, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robotics, Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information System, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China"},{"name":"Institute of Intelligence Technology and Robotic Systems, Shenzhen Research Institute of Nankai University, Shenzhen 518083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Engineering Research Center of Trusted Behavior Intelligence, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robotics, Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information System, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China"},{"name":"Institute of Intelligence Technology and Robotic Systems, Shenzhen Research Institute of Nankai University, Shenzhen 518083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9179-9668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingzhu","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Engineering Research Center of Trusted Behavior Intelligence, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robotics, Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information System, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China"},{"name":"Institute of Intelligence Technology and Robotic Systems, Shenzhen Research Institute of Nankai University, Shenzhen 518083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.03.038","article-title":"Central retinal arterial occlusion: Visual outcome","volume":"140","author":"Hayreh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. 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