{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T04:07:33Z","timestamp":1784261253147,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"School of Engineering, King Mongkut\u2019s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang","award":["2566-02-01-030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2566-02-01-030"]}]},{"name":"University of Defence within the Organization Development Project VAROPS","award":["2566-02-01-030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2566-02-01-030"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a multiple-input fully differential operational transconductance amplifier (MI-FD OTA) with very low power consumption. To obtain a differential MOS pair with minimum supply voltage and minimum power consumption, the multiple-input bulk-driven MOS transistor operating in the subthreshold region is used. To show the advantage of the MI-FD OTA, a fifth-order Chebyshev filter was used to realize a low-pass filter capable of operating with a supply voltage of 0.5 V and consuming 60 nW at a nominal setup current of 3 nA. The proposed filter uses five MI-FD OTAs and five capacitors. The total harmonic distortion (THD) was 0.97% for a rail-to-rail sinusoidal input signal. The MI-FD OTA and the filter application were designed and simulated in the Cadence environment using a 0.18 \u00b5m CMOS process from TSMC. The robustness of the design was confirmed by Monte Carlo analysis and process, voltage, and temperature corner analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24072150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T13:39:56Z","timestamp":1711546796000},"page":"2150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["0.5 V Multiple-Input Fully Differential Operational Transconductance Amplifier and Its Application to a Fifth-Order Chebyshev Low-Pass Filter for Bio-Signal Processing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6315-9292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Kulej","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9864-9830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabian","family":"Khateb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microelectronics, Brno University of Technology, Technick\u00e1 10, 601 90 Brno, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, n\u00e1m. S\u00edtn\u00e1 3105, 272 01 Kladno, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Brno University of Defence, Kounicova 65, 662 10 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1960-9081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Montree","family":"Kumngern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Telecommunications Engineering, School of Engineering, King Mongkut\u2019s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1002\/cta.2684","article-title":"Active load with cross coupled bulk for high-gain high-CMRR nanometer CMOS differential stages","volume":"47","author":"Ballo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. 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