{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T11:09:28Z","timestamp":1780657768506,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,30]],"date-time":"2024-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Polar Electro Oy"},{"name":"Brenda Strafford Foundation Chair in Alzheimer Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: This study aimed to validate the ability of a prototype sport watch (Polar Electro Oy, FI) to recognize wake and sleep states in two trials with and without an interval training session (IT) 6 h prior to bedtime. Methods: Thirty-six participants completed this study. Participants performed a maximal aerobic test and three polysomnography (PSG) assessments. The first night served as a device familiarization night and to screen for sleep apnea. The second and third in-home PSG assessments were counterbalanced with\/without IT. Accuracy and agreement in detecting sleep stages were calculated between PSG and the prototype. Results: Accuracy for the different sleep stages (REM, N1 and N2, N3, and awake) as a true positive for the nights without exercise was 84 \u00b1 5%, 64 \u00b1 6%, 81 \u00b1 6%, and 91 \u00b1 6%, respectively, and for the nights with exercise was 83 \u00b1 7%, 63 \u00b1 8%, 80 \u00b1 7%, and 92 \u00b1 6%, respectively. The agreement for the sleep night without exercise was 60.1 \u00b1 8.1%, k = 0.39 \u00b1 0.1, and with exercise was 59.2 \u00b1 9.8%, k = 0.36 \u00b1 0.1. No significant differences were observed between nights or between the sexes. Conclusion: The prototype showed better or similar accuracy and agreement to wrist-worn consumer products on the market for the detection of sleep stages with healthy adults. However, further investigations will need to be conducted with other populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24072218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,31]],"date-time":"2024-03-31T13:32:56Z","timestamp":1711891976000},"page":"2218","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Performance Evaluation of a New Sport Watch in Sleep Tracking: A Comparison against Overnight Polysomnography in Young Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Andr\u00e9e-Anne","family":"Parent","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Guadagni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean M.","family":"Rawling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc J.","family":"Poulin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"O\u2019Brien Institute of Public Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skaer, T.L. (2013). Sleep Deprivation and Economic Burden, Sleep Deprivation and Disease: Effects on the Body, Brain and Behavior, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-9087-6_19"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001947","article-title":"Wearable Sleep Technology in Clinical and Research Settings","volume":"51","author":"Cellini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Budig, M., Stoohs, R., and Keiner, M. (2022). Validity of Two Consumer Multisport Activity Tracker and One Accelerometer against Polysomnography for Measuring Sleep Parameters and Vital Data in a Laboratory Setting in Sleep Patients. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22239540"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2018.1466800","article-title":"How well does a commercially available wearable device measure sleep in young athletes?","volume":"35","author":"Sargent","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0905-3103","article-title":"Sleep Hygiene for Optimizing Recovery in Athletes: Review and Recommendations","volume":"40","author":"Vitale","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(97)00004-4","article-title":"Sleep quality versus sleep quantity: Relationships between sleep and measures of health, well-being and sleepiness in college students","volume":"42","author":"Pilcher","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721919","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2021.721919","article-title":"Past, Present, and Future of Multisensory Wearable Technology to Monitor Sleep and Circadian Rhythms","volume":"3","author":"Lujan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Digit. Health"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2006.035204","article-title":"Intermittent hypoxia and vascular function: Implications for obstructive sleep apnoea","volume":"92","author":"Foster","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(02)00330-6","article-title":"Test-retest reliability and validity of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in primary insomnia","volume":"53","author":"Backhaus","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller, D.J., Sargent, C., and Roach, G.D. (2022). A Validation of Six Wearable Devices for Estimating Sleep, Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability in Healthy Adults. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22166317"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.9580","article-title":"Evaluating consumer and clinical sleep technologies: An American Academy of Sleep Medicine update","volume":"17","author":"Deak","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2010.10.001","article-title":"The role and validity of actigraphy in sleep medicine: An update","volume":"15","author":"Sadeh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxaa007","article-title":"Actigraphy-Based Assessment of Sleep Parameters","volume":"64","author":"Fekedulegn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Work Expo. Health"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2019.1679826","article-title":"Performance comparison of different interpretative algorithms utilized to derive sleep parameters from wrist actigraphy data","volume":"36","author":"Haghayegh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24983","DOI":"10.3402\/jchimp.v4.24983","article-title":"How to interpret the results of a sleep study","volume":"4","author":"Shrivastava","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Community Hosp. Intern. Med. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2011.00944.x","article-title":"Validation of an automated wireless system to monitor sleep in healthy adults","volume":"21","author":"Shambroom","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2016.08.008","article-title":"Sleep Applications to Assess Sleep Quality","volume":"11","author":"Fietze","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Clin."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1586\/17434440.2016.1171708","article-title":"Consumer sleep tracking devices: A review of mechanisms, validity and utility","volume":"13","author":"Kolla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Med. Devices"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Kales, A., and Rechtschaffen, A. (1968). A Manual of Standardized Terminology, Techniques, and Scoring System for Sleep Stages of Human Subjects, Brain Information Service\/Brain Research Institute."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1206","article-title":"Utility of Technologist Editing of Polysomnography Scoring Performed by a Validated Automatic System","volume":"12","author":"Younes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-010-9133-y","article-title":"Biofeedback of heart rate variability and related physiology: A critical review","volume":"35","author":"Wheat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.3810\/psm.2014.05.2061","article-title":"A brief review and clinical application of heart rate variability biofeedback in sports, exercise, and rehabilitation medicine","volume":"42","author":"Prinsloo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Sportsmed."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-011-2034-9","article-title":"Effects of exercise intensity and duration on nocturnal heart rate variability and sleep quality","volume":"112","author":"Myllymaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.6108","article-title":"The Boom in Wearable Technology: Cause for Alarm or Just What is Needed to Better Understand Sleep?","volume":"39","author":"Godino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2017.1413578","article-title":"A validation study of Fitbit Charge 2 compared with polysomnography in adults","volume":"35","author":"Goldstone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology (1993). Professional Fitness and Lifestyle Consultant: Resource Manual, Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology. Available online: https:\/\/yvancudem.files.wordpress.com\/2021\/08\/pflc_manual_1993_scanedition_ocr.pdf."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1976.40.3.300","article-title":"Prediction of body density in young and middle-aged men","volume":"40","author":"Pollock","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1975.38.4.745","article-title":"Prediction of body density in young and middle-aged women","volume":"38","author":"Pollock","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199912000-00018","article-title":"Aerobic fitness in a population of independently living men and women aged 55\u201386 years","volume":"31","author":"Paterson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Iber, C.A.-I.S., Chesson, A.L., and Quan, S.F. The AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events. In Rules, Terminology and Technical Specifications; Westchester, IL, USA, 2007."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology (2021). Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology\u2014Physical Activity Training for Health (CSEP-PATH), Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Imtiaz, S.A. (2021). A Systematic Review of Sensing Technologies for Wearable Sleep Staging. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21051562"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2017.10.008","article-title":"Sleep devices: Wearables and nearables, informational and interventional, consumer and clinical","volume":"84","author":"Bianchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rentz, L.E., Ulman, H.K., and Galster, S.M. (2021). Deconstructing Commercial Wearable Technology: Contributions toward Accurate and Free-Living Monitoring of Sleep. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21155071"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S306808","article-title":"It Is All in the Wrist: Wearable Sleep Staging in a Clinical Population versus Reference Polysomnography","volume":"13","author":"Wulterkens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Sci. Sleep"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zsaa045","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaa045","article-title":"Detecting sleep using heart rate and motion data from multisensor consumer-grade wearables, relative to wrist actigraphy and polysomnography","volume":"43","author":"Roberts","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/7\/2218\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:21:21Z","timestamp":1760106081000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/7\/2218"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,30]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s24072218"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24072218","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,30]]}}}