{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T10:23:07Z","timestamp":1776680587472,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,30]],"date-time":"2024-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2021YFF0603702"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFF0603702"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper introduces an innovative differential sampling technique for calibrating AC waveforms, leveraging a commercially available 16-bit digital-to-analog converter (DAC) as the reference standard. The novelty of this approach lies in its enhanced stability over traditional direct sampling methods, especially as the frequency of the AC waveform increases. Notably, this technique provides a cost-effective sampler alternative to the differential sampling methods that rely on a programmable Josephson voltage standard (PJVS). A critical aspect of this methodology is the precise measurement of the DAC\u2019s output voltage, for which a static measurement strategy is adopted to utilize the exceptional linearity and transfer accuracy of the Keysight 3458A (Santa Rosa, CA, USA) in its standard DCV mode. The differential sampling method has demonstrated good accuracy, achieving a near 1 \u00b5V\/V agreement with a pulse-driven AC Josephson voltage standard (ACJVS) across a 40 Hz to 200 Hz frequency range. The method attained an expanded uncertainty (k = 2) of 1 part in 106 while measuring a 0.707107 VRMS sine wave at 50 Hz, showcasing its efficacy in precise AC waveform calibration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24072228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,31]],"date-time":"2024-03-31T13:32:56Z","timestamp":1711891976000},"page":"2228","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Differential Sampling of AC Waveforms Based on a Commercial Digital-to-Analog Converter for Reference"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1157-7908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanping","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8909-9857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaogang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianting","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kunli","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunfeng","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jifeng","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2471-7036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pengcheng","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1088\/0026-1394\/46\/5\/023","article-title":"Characterization of analogue-to-digital converters of a commercial digital voltmeter in the 20 Hz to 400 Hz frequency range","volume":"46","author":"Espel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Metrologia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2018.04.060","article-title":"Establishment of AC power standard at frequencies up to 100 kHz","volume":"125","author":"Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1501207","article-title":"AC\u2013DC Transfer and Verification of Ultra-Low Frequency Voltage From 0.1 to 10 Hz","volume":"72","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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