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Use of superficial electrodes on the plant body to record surface potentials may provide new phenotyping insights. Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) is a flexible, optically translucent, and water-vapor-permeable material with low manufacturing costs, making it an ideal substrate for non-invasive and non-destructive plant electrodes. This work presents BNC electrodes with screen-printed carbon (graphite) ink-based conductive traces and pads. It investigates the potential of these electrodes for plant surface electrophysiology measurements in comparison to commercially available standard wet gel and needle electrodes. The electrochemically active surface area and impedance of the BNC electrodes varied based on the annealing temperature and time over the ranges of 50 \u00b0C to 90 \u00b0C and 5 to 60 min, respectively. The water vapor transfer rate and optical transmittance of the BNC substrate were measured to estimate the level of occlusion caused by these surface electrodes on the plant tissue. The total reduction in chlorophyll content under the electrodes was measured after the electrodes were placed on maize leaves for up to 300 h, showing that the BNC caused only a 16% reduction. Maize leaf transpiration was reduced by only 20% under the BNC electrodes after 72 h compared to a 60% reduction under wet gel electrodes in 48 h. On three different model plants, BNC\u2013carbon ink surface electrodes and standard invasive needle electrodes were shown to have a comparable signal quality, with a correlation coefficient of &gt;0.9, when measuring surface biopotentials induced by acute environmental stressors. These are strong indications of the superior performance of the BNC substrate with screen-printed graphite ink as an electrode material for plant surface biopotential recordings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24072335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T06:04:58Z","timestamp":1712556298000},"page":"2335","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Evaluating Bacterial Nanocellulose Interfaces for Recording Surface Biopotentials from Plants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8345-685X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Wilkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6761-6748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Devon","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5976-2638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Taggart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA"}]},{"given":"Kristina R.","family":"Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, NC State University and University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27695, USA"}]},{"given":"Meral","family":"Tunc-Ozdemir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Rufty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4056-8309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edgar","family":"Lobaton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5538-262X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alper","family":"Bozkurt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2016-4091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael A.","family":"Daniele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA"},{"name":"Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, NC State University and University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27695, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"187","article-title":"Comparative sensory physiology of the Droseraceae-the evolution of a plant sensory system","volume":"120","author":"Williams","year":"1976","journal-title":"Proc. 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