{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T05:53:06Z","timestamp":1776664386029,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,6]],"date-time":"2024-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-linear and dynamic systems analysis of human movement has recently become increasingly widespread with the intention of better reflecting how complexity affects the adaptability of motor systems, especially after a stroke. The main objective of this scoping review was to summarize the non-linear measures used in the analysis of kinetic, kinematic, and EMG data of human movement after stroke. PRISMA-ScR guidelines were followed, establishing the eligibility criteria, the population, the concept, and the contextual framework. The examined studies were published between 1 January 2013 and 12 April 2023, in English or Portuguese, and were indexed in the databases selected for this research: PubMed\u00ae, Web of Science\u00ae, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers\u00ae, Science Direct\u00ae and Google Scholar\u00ae. In total, 14 of the 763 articles met the inclusion criteria. The non-linear measures identified included entropy (n = 11), fractal analysis (n = 1), the short-term local divergence exponent (n = 1), the maximum Floquet multiplier (n = 1), and the Lyapunov exponent (n = 1). These studies focused on different motor tasks: reaching to grasp (n = 2), reaching to point (n = 1), arm tracking (n = 2), elbow flexion (n = 5), elbow extension (n = 1), wrist and finger extension upward (lifting) (n = 1), knee extension (n = 1), and walking (n = 4). When studying the complexity of human movement in chronic post-stroke adults, entropy measures, particularly sample entropy, were preferred. Kinematic assessment was mainly performed using motion capture systems, with a focus on joint angles of the upper limbs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24072338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T06:04:58Z","timestamp":1712556298000},"page":"2338","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Biomechanical Assessment Methods Used in Chronic Stroke: A Scoping Review of Non-Linear Approaches"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6325-6412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Freitas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade do Vale do Ave, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Polit\u00e9cnico e Universit\u00e1rio, Rua Jos\u00e9 Ant\u00f3nio Vidal, 81, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalic\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"H<sup>2<\/sup>M\u2014Health and Human Movement Unit, Polytechnic University of Health, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Polit\u00e9cnico e Universit\u00e1rio, CRL, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalic\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Rehabilitation Research (CIR), R. Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Pinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade do Vale do Ave, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Polit\u00e9cnico e Universit\u00e1rio, Rua Jos\u00e9 Ant\u00f3nio Vidal, 81, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalic\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"H<sup>2<\/sup>M\u2014Health and Human Movement Unit, Polytechnic University of Health, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Polit\u00e9cnico e Universit\u00e1rio, CRL, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalic\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Liliana","family":"Pinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade do Vale do Ave, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Polit\u00e9cnico e Universit\u00e1rio, Rua Jos\u00e9 Ant\u00f3nio Vidal, 81, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalic\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"H<sup>2<\/sup>M\u2014Health and Human Movement Unit, Polytechnic University of Health, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Polit\u00e9cnico e Universit\u00e1rio, CRL, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalic\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Rehabilitation Research (CIR), R. Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4815-4896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade do Vale do Ave, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Polit\u00e9cnico e Universit\u00e1rio, Rua Jos\u00e9 Ant\u00f3nio Vidal, 81, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalic\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"H<sup>2<\/sup>M\u2014Health and Human Movement Unit, Polytechnic University of Health, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Polit\u00e9cnico e Universit\u00e1rio, CRL, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalic\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Health Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7924-6895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00e2nia","family":"Figueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade do Vale do Ave, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Polit\u00e9cnico e Universit\u00e1rio, Rua Jos\u00e9 Ant\u00f3nio Vidal, 81, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalic\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"H<sup>2<\/sup>M\u2014Health and Human Movement Unit, Polytechnic University of Health, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Polit\u00e9cnico e Universit\u00e1rio, CRL, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalic\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4109-2939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo","family":"Vilas-Boas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Research, Training, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Augusta","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Rehabilitation Research (CIR), R. 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