{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:58:21Z","timestamp":1760144301032,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003981","name":"Italian Space Agency (ASI)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019-27-HH.0","871158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-27-HH.0","871158"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003981","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019-27-HH.0","871158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-27-HH.0","871158"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The X-ray Integral Field Unit (X-IFU) is one of the two focal plane detectors of Athena, a large-class high energy astrophysics space mission approved by ESA in the Cosmic Vision 2015\u20132025 Science Program. The X-IFU consists of a large array of transition edge sensor micro-calorimeters that operate at ~100 mK inside a sophisticated cryostat. To prevent molecular contamination and to minimize photon shot noise on the sensitive X-IFU cryogenic detector array, a set of thermal filters (THFs) operating at different temperatures are needed. Since contamination already occurs below 300 K, the outer and more exposed THF must be kept at a higher temperature. To meet the low energy effective area requirements, the THFs are to be made of a thin polyimide film (45 nm) coated in aluminum (30 nm) and supported by a metallic mesh. Due to the small thickness and the low thermal conductance of the material, the membranes are prone to developing a radial temperature gradient due to radiative coupling with the environment. Considering the fragility of the membrane and the high reflectivity in IR energy domain, temperature measurements are difficult. In this work, a parametric numerical study is performed to retrieve the radial temperature profile of the larger and outer THF of the Athena X-IFU using a Finite Element Model approach. The effects on the radial temperature profile of different design parameters and boundary conditions are considered: (i) the mesh design and material, (ii) the plating material, (iii) the addition of a thick Y-cross applied over the mesh, (iv) an active heating heat flux injected on the center and (v) a Joule heating of the mesh. The outcomes of this study have guided the choice of the baseline strategy for the heating of the Athena X-IFU THFs, fulfilling the stringent thermal specifications of the instrument.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24072360","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T06:04:58Z","timestamp":1712556298000},"page":"2360","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Thermalization of Mesh Reinforced Ultra-Thin Al-Coated Plastic Films: A Parametric Study Applied to the Athena X-IFU Instrument"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9607-3324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Montinaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 8, 90128 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo, Piazza del Parlamento 1, 90134 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4725-357X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luisa","family":"Sciortino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo, Piazza del Parlamento 1, 90134 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"D\u2019Anca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo, Piazza del Parlamento 1, 90134 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0318-3546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ugo","family":"Lo Cicero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo, Piazza del Parlamento 1, 90134 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8201-1525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Bozzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement D\u2019astronomie, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences, Universit\u00e9 de Gen\u00e8ve, Chemin d\u2019Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8108-9179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Paltani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement D\u2019astronomie, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences, Universit\u00e9 de Gen\u00e8ve, Chemin d\u2019Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3843-1637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michela","family":"Todaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo, Piazza del Parlamento 1, 90134 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3188-7420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Barbera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica-Emilio Segr\u00e8, Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 36, 90123 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012008","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/610\/1\/012008","article-title":"Athena: The X-ray observatory to study the hot and energetic Universe","volume":"610","author":"Barcons","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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ATHENA X-IFU thermal filters development status toward the end of the instrument phase-A. Proceedings of the SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation, Austin, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2314450"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Charles, I., Daniel, C., Andr\u00e9, J., Duband, L., Duval, J.M., den Hartog, R., Mitsuda, K., Shinozaki, K., van Weers, H., and Yamasaki, N.Y. (July, January 26). Preliminary thermal architecture of the X-IFU instrument dewar. Proceedings of the SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation, Edinburgh, UK."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Thibert, T., Jacques, L., Terrasa, G., Lallemand, E., Rauw, G., and Kintziger, C. (2022, January 17\u201323). Aperture cylinder on Athena X-IFU: Development status. 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