{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T08:30:12Z","timestamp":1776241812813,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]],"date-time":"2024-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712620800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Regional Innovation Strategy (RIS) through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (MOE)","award":["2021RIS-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021RIS-003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The DC\u2013DC dual active bridge (DAB) converter has become one of the essential units for bidirectional energy distribution and connecting various renewable energy sources. When it comes to regulating the converter\u2019s output voltage, integrating an extended state observer (ESO) offers the advantage of eliminating the need for a current sensor, thereby reducing system costs. The ESO with a high observer bandwidth tends to acquire a faster system convergence and greater tracking accuracy. However, its disturbance suppression performance will become poor compared to the ESO with a low observer bandwidth. Based on this, the adaptive ESO (AESO) is proposed in this study to make a compromise between tracking performance and disturbance suppression. When the system is subjected to a high voltage error, the observer bandwidth will increase to improve the tracking performance and decrease to enhance the disturbance suppression. In order to demonstrate that the proposed method is effective, it is compared to the ESO with a fixed observer bandwidth and the improved model-based phase-shift control (MPSC). These comparisons are made through simulation and experimental results in various operation scenarios.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24082397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]],"date-time":"2024-04-09T08:55:12Z","timestamp":1712652912000},"page":"2397","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Adaptive Extended State Observer for the Dual Active Bridge Converters"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Tan-Quoc","family":"Duong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1217-0325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hoai-An","family":"Trinh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7927-3348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyoung-Kwan","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1256-7832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sung-Jin","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3148","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2019.2927930","article-title":"Overview and Comparison of Modulation and Control Strategies for a Nonresonant Single-Phase Dual-Active-Bridge DC-DC Converter","volume":"35","author":"Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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