{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:58:41Z","timestamp":1760144321536,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CNPq","award":["304107\/2019-0","305827\/2023-5","88887.370319\/2019-00","2013\/07669-0","2018\/05982-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["304107\/2019-0","305827\/2023-5","88887.370319\/2019-00","2013\/07669-0","2018\/05982-0"]}]},{"name":"CAPES PRInt USP","award":["304107\/2019-0","305827\/2023-5","88887.370319\/2019-00","2013\/07669-0","2018\/05982-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["304107\/2019-0","305827\/2023-5","88887.370319\/2019-00","2013\/07669-0","2018\/05982-0"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","award":["304107\/2019-0","305827\/2023-5","88887.370319\/2019-00","2013\/07669-0","2018\/05982-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["304107\/2019-0","305827\/2023-5","88887.370319\/2019-00","2013\/07669-0","2018\/05982-0"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work presents a novel multielectrode array (MEA) to quantitatively assess the dose enhancement factor (DEF) produced in a medium by embedded nanoparticles. The MEA has 16 nanocrystalline diamond electrodes (in a cell-culture well), and a single-crystal diamond divided into four quadrants for X-ray dosimetry. DEF was assessed in water solutions with up to a 1000 \u00b5g\/mL concentration of silver, platinum, and gold nanoparticles. The X-ray detectors showed a linear response to radiation dose (r2 \u2265 0.9999). Overall, platinum and gold nanoparticles produced a dose enhancement in the medium (maximum of 1.9 and 3.1, respectively), while silver nanoparticles produced a shielding effect (maximum of 37%), lowering the dose in the medium. This work shows that the novel MEA can be a useful tool in the quantitative assessment of radiation dose enhancement due to nanoparticles. Together with its suitability for cells\u2019 exocytosis studies, it proves to be a highly versatile device for several applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24082409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T03:07:48Z","timestamp":1712718468000},"page":"2409","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["XMEA: A New Hybrid Diamond Multielectrode Array for the In Situ Assessment of the Radiation Dose Enhancement by Nanoparticles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Patricia","family":"Nicolucci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guilherme","family":"Gambaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2012-3326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyssylla Monnyelle","family":"Araujo Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1451-3256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iara","family":"Souza Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0622-2814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oswaldo","family":"Baffa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5369-9527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Pasquarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electron Devices and Circuits, University of Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9407","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S272902","article-title":"Gold nanoparticles as radiosensitizers in cancer radiotherapy","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. 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