{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T04:03:00Z","timestamp":1768449780677,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]],"date-time":"2024-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["323091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["323091"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper introduces a method for measuring 3D tibiofemoral kinematics using a multi-channel A-mode ultrasound system under dynamic conditions. The proposed system consists of a multi-channel A-mode ultrasound system integrated with a conventional motion capture system (i.e., optical tracking system). This approach allows for the non-invasive and non-radiative quantification of the tibiofemoral joint\u2019s six degrees of freedom (DOF). We demonstrated the feasibility and accuracy of this method in the cadaveric experiment. The knee joint\u2019s motions were mimicked by manually manipulating the leg through multiple motion cycles from flexion to extension. To measure it, six custom ultrasound holders, equipped with a total of 30 A-mode ultrasound transducers and 18 optical markers, were mounted on various anatomical regions of the lower extremity of the specimen. During experiments, 3D-tracked intra-cortical bone pins were inserted into the femur and tibia to measure the ground truth of tibiofemoral kinematics. The results were compared with the tibiofemoral kinematics derived from the proposed ultrasound system. The results showed an average rotational error of 1.51 \u00b1 1.13\u00b0 and a translational error of 3.14 \u00b1 1.72 mm for the ultrasound-derived kinematics, compared to the ground truth. In conclusion, this multi-channel A-mode ultrasound system demonstrated a great potential of effectively measuring tibiofemoral kinematics during dynamic motions. Its improved accuracy, nature of non-invasiveness, and lack of radiation exposure make this method a promising alternative to incorporate into gait analysis and prosthetic kinematic measurements later.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24082439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]],"date-time":"2024-04-11T03:29:04Z","timestamp":1712806144000},"page":"2439","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Method to Track 3D Knee Kinematics by Multi-Channel 3D-Tracked A-Mode Ultrasound"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5498-4311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenan","family":"Niu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Robotics and Mechatronics Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science (EEMCS), University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8571-7892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Sluiter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomechanical Engineering, University of Twente, 7521 HK Enschede, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3745-2778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bangyu","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robotics and Mechatronics Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science (EEMCS), University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4752-2344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasper","family":"Homminga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomechanical Engineering, University of Twente, 7521 HK Enschede, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Sprengers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Research Lab, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7531-6523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nico","family":"Verdonschot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomechanical Engineering, University of Twente, 7521 HK Enschede, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Orthopaedic Research Lab, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keelson, B., Buzzatti, L., Ceranka, J., Guti\u00e9rrez, A., Battista, S., Scheerlinck, T., Van Gompel, G., De Mey, J., Cattrysse, E., and Buls, N. (2021). Automated Motion Analysis of Bony Joint Structures from Dynamic Computer Tomography Images: A Multi-Atlas Approach. Diagnostics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11112062"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2016.10.023","article-title":"The effect of intracortical bone pin application on kinetics and tibiocalcaneal kinematics of walking gait","volume":"52","author":"Maiwald","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slater, A.A., Hullfish, T.J., and Baxter, J.R. (2018). 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