{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:59:13Z","timestamp":1760144353798,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institute for Life Sciences","award":["NanoChemBioVision 638258","LightPipe 682724","EP\/P030181\/1","EP\/T020997\/1","EP\/V038036\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NanoChemBioVision 638258","LightPipe 682724","EP\/P030181\/1","EP\/T020997\/1","EP\/V038036\/1"]}]},{"name":"European Research Council (ERC)","award":["NanoChemBioVision 638258","LightPipe 682724","EP\/P030181\/1","EP\/T020997\/1","EP\/V038036\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NanoChemBioVision 638258","LightPipe 682724","EP\/P030181\/1","EP\/T020997\/1","EP\/V038036\/1"]}]},{"name":"AirGuide Collaboration fund and Engineering","award":["NanoChemBioVision 638258","LightPipe 682724","EP\/P030181\/1","EP\/T020997\/1","EP\/V038036\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NanoChemBioVision 638258","LightPipe 682724","EP\/P030181\/1","EP\/T020997\/1","EP\/V038036\/1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NanoChemBioVision 638258","LightPipe 682724","EP\/P030181\/1","EP\/T020997\/1","EP\/V038036\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NanoChemBioVision 638258","LightPipe 682724","EP\/P030181\/1","EP\/T020997\/1","EP\/V038036\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Royal Society","award":["NanoChemBioVision 638258","LightPipe 682724","EP\/P030181\/1","EP\/T020997\/1","EP\/V038036\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NanoChemBioVision 638258","LightPipe 682724","EP\/P030181\/1","EP\/T020997\/1","EP\/V038036\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Label-free and multiphoton micro-endoscopy can transform clinical histopathology by providing an in situ tool for diagnostic imaging and surgical treatment in diseases such as cancer. Key to a multiphoton imaging-based micro-endoscopic device is the optical fiber, for distortion-free and efficient delivery of ultra-short laser pulses to the sample and effective signal collection. In this work, we study a new hollow-core (air-filled) double-clad anti-resonant fiber (DC-ARF) as a high-performance candidate for multiphoton micro-endoscopy. We compare the fiber characteristics of the DC-ARF with a single-clad anti-resonant fiber (SC-ARF) and a solid core fiber (SCF). In this work, while the DC-ARF and the SC-ARF enable low-loss (&lt;0.2 dBm\u22121), close to dispersion-free excitation pulse delivery (&lt;10% pulse width increase at 900 nm per 1 m fiber) without any induced non-linearities, the SCF resulted in spectral broadening and pulse-stretching (&gt;2000% of pulse width increase at 900 nm per 1 m fiber). An ideal optical fiber endoscope needs to be several meters long and should enable both excitation and collection through the fiber. Therefore, we performed multiphoton imaging on endoscopy-compatible 1 m and 3 m lengths of fiber in the back-scattered geometry, wherein the signals were collected either directly (non-descanned detection) or through the fiber (descanned detection). Second harmonic images were collected from barium titanate crystals as well as from biological samples (mouse tail tendon). In non-descanned detection conditions, the ARFs outperformed the SCF by up to 10 times in terms of signal-to-noise ratio of images. Significantly, only the DC-ARF, due to its high numerical aperture (NA) of 0.45 and wide-collection bandwidth (&gt;1 \u00b5m), could provide images in the de-scanned detection configuration desirable for endoscopy. Thus, our systematic characterization and comparison of different optical fibers under different image collection configurations, confirms and establishes the utility of DC-ARFs for high-performing label-free multiphoton imaging-based micro-endoscopy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24082482","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T09:28:06Z","timestamp":1712914086000},"page":"2482","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Double-Clad Antiresonant Hollow-Core Fiber and Its Comparison with Other Fibers for Multiphoton Micro-Endoscopy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Marzanna","family":"Szwaj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK"},{"name":"Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK"},{"name":"School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1258-4213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian A.","family":"Davidson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter B.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK"},{"name":"School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Greg","family":"Jasion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9054-4372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongmin","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seyed Reza","family":"Sandoghchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof P.","family":"Herdzik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK"},{"name":"Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK"},{"name":"School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos N.","family":"Bourdakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK"},{"name":"School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalie V.","family":"Wheeler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hans Christian","family":"Mulvad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Poletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8923-6666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sumeet","family":"Mahajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK"},{"name":"School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Abdulkadir, S. 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