{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T03:44:44Z","timestamp":1782186284265,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":150,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,14]],"date-time":"2024-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Internet of Things (IoT) will bring about the next industrial revolution in Industry 4.0. The communication aspect of IoT devices is one of the most critical factors in choosing the device that is suitable for use. Thus far, the IoT physical layer communication challenges have been met with various communications protocols that provide varying strengths and weaknesses. This paper summarizes the network architectures of some of the most popular IoT wireless communications protocols. It also presents a comparative analysis of some of the critical features, including power consumption, coverage, data rate, security, cost, and quality of service (QoS). This comparative study shows that low-power wide area network (LPWAN)-based IoT protocols (LoRa, Sigfox, NB-IoT, LTE-M) are more suitable for future industrial applications because of their energy efficiency, high coverage, and cost efficiency. In addition, the study also presents an Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) application perspective on the suitability of LPWAN protocols in a particular scenario and addresses some open issues that need to be researched. Thus, this study can assist in deciding the most suitable IoT communication protocol for an industrial and production field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24082509","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]],"date-time":"2024-04-15T08:08:12Z","timestamp":1713168492000},"page":"2509","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Future Industrial Applications: Exploring LPWAN-Driven IoT Protocols"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Mahbubul","family":"Islam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, United International University, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hossain","family":"Jamil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Islamic University of Technology, Gazipur 1704, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samiul","family":"Pranto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Islamic University of Technology, Gazipur 1704, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1470-5998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rupak","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Sciences and Technology, Pennsylvania State University\u2014University Park, University Park, PA 16802, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4547-5025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Al","family":"Amin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Systems, University of Maryland\u2014Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8779-9617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arshia","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Minnesota\u2014Duluth, Duluth, MN 55812, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icte.2022.06.006","article-title":"Towards 6G Internet of Things: Recent advances, use cases, and open challenges","volume":"9","author":"Qadir","year":"2023","journal-title":"ICT Express"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hermann, M., Pentek, T., and Otto, B. 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