{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:59:25Z","timestamp":1760144365094,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,14]],"date-time":"2024-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009105","name":"Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications in Japan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP235004002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP235004002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009105","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Low-power wide-area (LPWA) is a communication technology for the IoT that allows low power consumption and long-range communication. Additionally, packet-level index modulation (PLIM) can transmit additional information using multiple frequency channels and time slots. However, in a competitive radio access environment, where multiple sensors autonomously determine packet transmission, packet collisions occur when transmitting the same information. The packet collisions cause a reduction in the throughput. A method has been proposed to design a mapping table that shows the correspondence between indexes and information using a packet collision minimization criterion. However, the effectiveness of this method depends on how the probability of the occurrence of the information to be transmitted is modeled. We propose an environment-aware adaptive data-gathering method that identifies the location of factors affecting sensor information and constructs a model for the probability of the occurrence of sensor information. The packet collision rate of the environment-aware adaptive data-gathering method was clarified through computer simulations and actual experiments on a 429 MHz LPWA. We confirm that the proposed scheme improves the packet collision rate by 15% in the computer simulation and 30% in the experimental evaluation, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24082514","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]],"date-time":"2024-04-15T08:08:12Z","timestamp":1713168492000},"page":"2514","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An Environment-Aware Adaptive Data-Gathering Method for Packet-Level Index Modulation in LPWA"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3221-6714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osamu","family":"Takyu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Shinshu University, Nagano 380-8553, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keita","family":"Takeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Shinshu University, Nagano 380-8553, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryuji","family":"Miyamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Shinshu University, Nagano 380-8553, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3463-1233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koichi","family":"Adachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Wireless & Communication Research Center, University of Electrocommunications, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mai","family":"Ohta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7886-5560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takeo","family":"Fujii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Wireless & Communication Research Center, University of Electrocommunications, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1109\/IOTM.001.2000179","article-title":"A Framework for the Design and Deployment of Large-Scale LPWAN Networks for Smart Cities Applications","volume":"4","author":"Homssi","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things Mag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, U., and Sharma, R. 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