{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T11:13:45Z","timestamp":1762254825366,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]],"date-time":"2024-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1952008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1952008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Low-cost air quality sensors (LCSs) are becoming more ubiquitous as individuals and communities seek to reduce their exposure to poor air quality. Compact, efficient, and aesthetically designed sensor housings that do not interfere with the target air quality measurements are a necessary component of a low-cost sensing system. The selection of appropriate housing material can be an important factor in air quality applications employing LCSs. Three-dimensional printing, specifically fused deposition modeling (FDM), is a standard for prototyping and small-scale custom plastics production because of its low cost and ability for rapid iteration. However, little information exists about whether FDM-printed thermoplastics affect measurements of trace atmospheric gasses. This study investigates how five different FDM-printed thermoplastics (ABS, PETG, PLA, PC, and PVDF) affect the concentration of five common atmospheric trace gasses (CO, CO2, NO, NO2, and VOCs). The laboratory results show that the thermoplastics, except for PVDF, exhibit VOC off-gassing. The results also indicate no to limited interaction between all of the thermoplastics and CO and CO2 and a small interaction between all of the thermoplastics and NO and NO2.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24082610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]],"date-time":"2024-04-19T06:28:09Z","timestamp":1713508089000},"page":"2610","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effect of Three-Dimensional-Printed Thermoplastics Used in Sensor Housings on Common Atmospheric Trace Gasses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6114-4289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tristalee","family":"Mangin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evan K.","family":"Blanchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2232-3092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kerry E.","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3446005","article-title":"Low-Cost Outdoor Air Quality Monitoring and Sensor Calibration: A Survey and Critical Analysis","volume":"17","author":"Concas","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138385","article-title":"Development of low-cost indoor air quality monitoring devices: Recent advancements","volume":"727","author":"Chojer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karagulian, F., Barbiere, M., Kotsev, A., Spinelle, L., Gerboles, M., Lagler, F., Redon, N., Crunaire, S., and Borowiak, A. (2019). Review of the performance of low-cost sensors for air quality monitoring. Atmosphere, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos10090506"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clements, A.L., Griswold, W.G., Abhijit, R.S., Johnston, J.E., Herting, M.M., Thorson, J., Collier-Oxandale, A., and Hannigan, M. (2017). Low-cost air quality monitoring tools: From research to practice (A workshop summary). Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17112478"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13901","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3145945","article-title":"Stochastic Online Calibration of Low-Cost Gas Sensor Networks with Mobile References","volume":"10","author":"Tancev","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5487","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-14-5487-2021","article-title":"The Berkeley Environmental Air-quality and CO2 Network: Field calibrations of sensor temperature dependence and assessment of network scale CO2 accuracy","volume":"14","author":"Delaria","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8631","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c02653","article-title":"Spatial Modeling of Daily PM2.5, NO2, and CO Concentrations Measured by a Low-Cost Sensor Network: Comparison of Linear, Machine Learning, and Hybrid Land Use Models","volume":"55","author":"Jain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5281","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-9-5281-2016","article-title":"Community Air Sensor Network (CAIRSENSE) project: Evaluation of low-cost sensor performance in a suburban environment in the southeastern United States","volume":"9","author":"Jiao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coche.2020.08.002","article-title":"A review of 3D printing techniques for environmental applications","volume":"28","author":"Nadagouda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102019","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/2600\/10\/102019","article-title":"Low-cost carbon dioxide concentration sensors for assessing air quality in the built environment: An on-site evaluation of their measurement performance","volume":"2600","author":"Salamone","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13012","DOI":"10.3390\/s150613012","article-title":"Design and development of nEMoS, an all-in-one, low-cost, web-connected and 3D-printed device for environmental analysis","volume":"15","author":"Salamone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108398","article-title":"Design and testing of a low-cost sensor and sampling platform for indoor air quality","volume":"206","author":"Tryner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2023.103481","article-title":"Enhanced selectivity of a 3D-printed microfluidic gas detector towards different volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for the effective monitoring of indoor air quality in vehicles","volume":"33","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.25103\/jestr.136.12","article-title":"Design and Development of a New Cost-Effective Internet of Things Sensor Platform for Air Quality Measurements","volume":"13","author":"Spandonidis","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Eng. Sci. Technol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pei, Z., Balitskiy, M., Thalman, R., and Kelly, K.E. (2023). Laboratory Performance Evaluation of a Low-Cost Electrochemical Formaldehyde Sensor. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23177444"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marques, G., and Pitarma, R. (2019). A cost-effective air quality supervision solution for enhanced living environments through the internet of things. Electronics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics8020170"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rebeiro-Hargrave, A., Motlagh, N.H., Varjonen, S., Lagerspetz, E., Nurmi, P., and Tarkoma, S. (2020, January 9\u201313). MegaSense: Cyber-Physical System for Real-time Urban Air Quality Monitoring. Proceedings of the 2020 15th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications, Kristiansand, Norway.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIEA48937.2020.9248143"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1038\/s41570-019-0097-z","article-title":"Chemistry from 3D printed objects","volume":"3","author":"Hartings","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Scheirs, J. (2000). Compositional and Failure Analysis of Polymer A Practical Approach, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1722289","article-title":"Vapor pressure of plastic materials","volume":"27","author":"Jensen","year":"1956","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacuum.2010.12.009","article-title":"Outgassing characteristics of a polycarbonate core material for vacuum insulation panels","volume":"85","author":"Kwon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vacuum"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1116\/1.3085719","article-title":"Vacuum outgassing of high density polyethylene","volume":"27","author":"Dinh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A Vacuum Surfaces Film."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"021602","DOI":"10.1116\/1.5001243","article-title":"Outgassing behavior of different high-temperature resistant polymers","volume":"36","author":"Battes","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A Vacuum Surfaces Film."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Aeronautics, N., and Space Administration, G.S.F.C. (2024, March 28). Outgassing Data for Selecting Spacecraft Materials 10th Compilation, Available online: https:\/\/outgassing.nasa.gov\/Home."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"34","article-title":"Quantifying Small Molecules by Mass Spectrometry","volume":"33","author":"Gale","year":"2015","journal-title":"LCGC North Am."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2015). The suitability of 3D printed plastic parts for laboratory use. Am. J. Phys., 83, 281\u2013285.","DOI":"10.1119\/1.4900746"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1149\/1.2048553","article-title":"Application of Ion Mobility Spectrometry to Semiconductor Technology: Outgassing of Advanced Polymers under Thermal Stress","volume":"142","author":"Budde","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.150181","article-title":"Real-time monitoring of the emission of volatile organic compounds from polylactide 3D printing filaments","volume":"805","author":"Wojnowski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wojnowski, W., Mar\u0107, M., Kalinowska, K., Kosmela, P., and Zabiega\u0142a, B. (2022). Emission Profiles of Volatiles during 3D Printing with ABS, ASA, Nylon, and PETG Polymer Filaments. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27123814"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2017.1302587","article-title":"Fume emissions from a low-cost 3-D printer with various filaments","volume":"14","author":"Floyd","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2017.1302589","article-title":"Characterization of chemical contaminants generated by a desktop fused deposition modeling 3-dimensional printer","volume":"14","author":"Stefaniak","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12044","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b02805","article-title":"Emissions of Nanoparticles and Gaseous Material from 3D Printer Operation","volume":"49","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2019.106209","article-title":"Characterization of volatile organic compound emissions from consumer level material extrusion 3D printers","volume":"160","author":"Davis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Weber, R.J., Zhang, Q., Wong, J.P., Davis, A., and Black, M. (2016). NIP & Digital Fabrication Conference, Society for Imaging Science and Technology."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilkins, D.F., Traum, M.J., and Wilkins-Earley, J.G. (2020, January 6\u201310). Teaching space-borne recycling to middle school students via 3d printing\u2014Managing classroom air quality. Proceedings of the AIAA Scitech 2020 Forum, Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2020-0330"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Davydov, E.Y., Gaponova, I.S., Pariiskii, G.B., Pokholok, T.V., and Zaikov, G.E. (2010). Classification of Polymers in Reactivity Toward Nitrogen Oxides, Nova Science Publishers, Inc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1070\/RC2000v069n11ABEH000611","article-title":"Reactions of nitrogen oxides with polymers","volume":"69","author":"Pariiskii","year":"2000","journal-title":"Russ. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Jellinek, H.H.G. (1970). Polymer-Gas Reactions (Air Pollutants: NO2 and SO2) as Function of Pressure, UV Light, Temperature, and Morphology\u2014A Survey, National Bureau of Standards Special Publication."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2024, January 01). Version 3.0.0, N.C.C. Chemical Datasheet Nitrogen Dioxide, Available online: https:\/\/cameochemicals.noaa.gov\/chemical\/4072."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2024, January 01). Version 3.0.0, N.C.C. Chemical Datasheet Nitric Oxide, Available online: https:\/\/cameochemicals.noaa.gov\/chemical\/1192."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takeuchi, K. (2012). 5.16\u2014Polycarbonates, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53349-4.00148-5"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1002\/pat.5914","article-title":"Polyvinylidene fluoride, an advanced futuristic smart polymer material: A comprehensive review","volume":"34","author":"Nivedhitha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polym. Adv. Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dallaev, R., Pisarenko, T., Sobola, D., Orudzhev, F., Ramazanov, S., and Tr\u010dka, T. (2022). Brief Review of PVDF Properties and Applications Potential. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14224793"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"TSI Inc. (2024, April 18). Q-TRAK Indoor Air Quality Monitor Model 7575 Operation and Service Manual Revision H. Available online: https:\/\/tsi.com\/getmedia\/a9ce2668-b27b-41d1-961b-a01fc8e7933d\/7575-Q-Trak-Op_Svc_Mnl_6004850?ext=.pdf."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"TSI Inc. (2024, April 18). Q-TRAK Multi-Function Indoor Air Quality Monitor Model 7575 Specification Sheet, P\/N 5001355 Revision G. Available online: https:\/\/tsi.com\/getmedia\/d2a8d1d1-7551-47fe-8a0f-3c14b09b494b\/7575_QTrak_A4_UK_5001356-web?ext=.pdf."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"TSI Inc. (2024, January 04). Volative Organic Compound Probes Models 984, 985, 986, and 987 Operation and Service Manual Revision F. Available online: https:\/\/tsi.com\/getmedia\/19a70324-ce9b-4b0f-b158-cfb3b81a480a\/VOC_Probe_OpSvcMnl_6007661_web?ext=.pdf."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"TSI Inc. (2024, April 18). Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) Indoor Air Quality Probes Models 984, 985, 986 & 987, P\/N 5001365 Revision E. Available online: https:\/\/tsi.com\/getmedia\/06aaa1ab-9e79-48d7-ae37-ed1352794f1d\/VOC_Probes_US_5001365-web?ext=.pdf."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Alphasense, Ametek (2024, February 07). PID-AH2 Photo Ionisation Detector Technical Specifications Version 1.0. Available online: https:\/\/www.alphasense.com\/products."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. (2024, April 15). Model 42i Instruction Manual Chemiluminescence NO-NO2-NOx Analyzer. Available online: https:\/\/tools.thermofisher.com\/content\/sfs\/manuals\/EPM-manual-Model%2042inox.pdf."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. (2024, April 15). Thermo Scientific Model 42i NO-NO2-NOx Chemiluminescent Gas Analyzer Product Specification, EPM_42i_DS_0921. Available online: https:\/\/assets.thermofisher.com\/TFS-Assets\/LSG\/Specification-Sheets\/EPM-42i-Datasheet.pdf."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.03.144","article-title":"The impacts of water vapour and co-pollutants on the performance of electrochemical gas sensors used for air quality monitoring","volume":"266","author":"Pang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2017.09.033","article-title":"Reducing N2O induced cross-talk in a NDIR CO2 gas sensor for breath analysis using multilayer thin film optical interference coatings","volume":"336","author":"Fleming","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"TSI Inc. (2024, April 02). Photo-ionization Detection (PID) Technology, Application Note TSI-147 Revision B. Available online: https:\/\/tsi.com\/getmedia\/c2814d77-a757-4269-9682-ff6fab17ed2b\/TSI-147_Photo_Ionization_Detection_Technology-A4?ext=.pdf."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2010.03.025","article-title":"Evaluation of chemiluminescence reagents for selective detection of reactive oxygen species","volume":"665","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Van Rossum, G., and Drake, F.L. (2009). Python 3 Reference Manual, CreateSpace."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Pandas Development Team. pandas-dev\/pandas: Pandas, 2020."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2649-2","article-title":"Array programming with NumPy","volume":"585","author":"Harris","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0686-2","article-title":"SciPy 1.0: Fundamental Algorithms for Scientific Computing in Python","volume":"17","author":"Virtanen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Manufacturing, D.A. (2023, December 22). Safety Data Sheet FLUORXTM PVDF [POLYVINYLIDINE FLUORIDE POLYMER] Revision V1.1. Available online: https:\/\/www.3dxtech.com\/tech-data-sheets-safety-data-sheets\/."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Creutz, C., and Fujita, E. (2001). Carbon Dioxide as a Feedstock, National Academies Press (US)."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"(2024, January 01). Version 3.0.0, N.C.C. Chemical Datasheet Carbon Monoxide, Available online: https:\/\/cameochemicals.noaa.gov\/chemical\/335."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"1669","article-title":"Cradle to Cradle\u00ae design for 3D printing","volume":"45","author":"Chong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Trans."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"347","article-title":"Design and characterization of low-cost sensors for air quality monitoring system","volume":"7","author":"Rumantri","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pendidik. IPA Indones."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Russell, H.S., Frederickson, L.B., Kwiatkowski, S., Emygdio, A.P.M., Kumar, P., Schmidt, J.A., Hertel, O., and Johnson, M.S. (2022). Enhanced Ambient Sensing Environment\u2014A New Method for Calibrating Low-Cost Gas Sensors. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22197238"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-849876-7.00006-3","article-title":"Chapter 2\u2014Adsorption technology and surface science","volume":"Volume 34","author":"Saleh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surface Science of Adsorbents and Nanoadsorbents"},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"FlashForge (2023, December 22). Creator Pro 2 Specification. Available online: https:\/\/www.flashforge.com\/product-detail\/flashforgecreator-pro-2-3d-printer."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hagen, R. (2012). Polylactic Acid, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53349-4.00269-7"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2020.102635","article-title":"Fleet-based vehicle emission factors using low-cost sensors: Case study in parking garages","volume":"91","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Lulzbot (2023, December 22). Lulzbot Taz6 Desktop 3D Printer Complete Technical Specifications. Available online: https:\/\/lulzbot.com\/store\/taz-6."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McKeen, L.W. (2010). Styrenic Plastics, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-096450-8.00004-1"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ranakoti, L., Gangil, B., Mishra, S.K., Singh, T., Sharma, S., Ilyas, R.A., and El-Khatib, S. (2022). Critical Review on Polylactic Acid: Properties, Structure, Processing, Biocomposites, and Nanocomposites. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15124312"},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Turku, I., Kasala, S., and K\u00e4rki, T. (2023, December 22). Characterization of Feedstock Filament Extruded from Secondary Sources of PS, ABS and PVC. Available online: https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:53317722."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turner, S.R., and Liu, Y. (2012). 5.14\u2014Chemistry and Technology of Step-Growth Polyesters, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53349-4.00143-6"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mineng.2019.106131","article-title":"Flotation separation of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene and polystyrene in WEEE based on oxidation of active sites","volume":"146","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Miner. Eng."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/8\/2610\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:30:53Z","timestamp":1760106653000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/8\/2610"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s24082610"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24082610","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]]}}}