{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:02:53Z","timestamp":1760144573191,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,20]],"date-time":"2024-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fondo de Apoyo a la Investigaci\u00f3n of Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Per\u00fa (FAI 2021)","award":["FAI-0042-2021 DFI-PUCP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FAI-0042-2021 DFI-PUCP"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Stuttering, affecting approximately 1% of the global population, is a complex speech disorder significantly impacting individuals\u2019 quality of life. Prior studies using electromyography (EMG) to examine orofacial muscle activity in stuttering have presented mixed results, highlighting the variability in neuromuscular responses during stuttering episodes. Fifty-five participants with stuttering and 30 individuals without stuttering, aged between 18 and 40, participated in the study. EMG signals from five facial and cervical muscles were recorded during speech tasks and analyzed for mean amplitude and frequency activity in the 5\u201315 Hz range to identify significant differences. Upon analysis of the 5\u201315 Hz frequency range, a higher average amplitude was observed in the zygomaticus major muscle for participants while stuttering (p &lt; 0.05). Additionally, when assessing the overall EMG signal amplitude, a higher average amplitude was observed in samples obtained from disfluencies in participants who did not stutter, particularly in the depressor anguli oris muscle (p &lt; 0.05). Significant differences in muscle activity were observed between the two groups, particularly in the depressor anguli oris and zygomaticus major muscles. These results suggest that the underlying neuromuscular mechanisms of stuttering might involve subtle aspects of timing and coordination in muscle activation. Therefore, these findings may contribute to the field of biosensors by providing valuable perspectives on neuromuscular mechanisms and the relevance of electromyography in stuttering research. Further research in this area has the potential to advance the development of biosensor technology for language-related applications and therapeutic interventions in stuttering.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24082629","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T06:10:18Z","timestamp":1713766218000},"page":"2629","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Identification of the Biomechanical Response of the Muscles That Contract the Most during Disfluencies in Stuttered Speech"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6519-221X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edu","family":"Marin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomechanics and Applied Robotics Research Laboratory, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Per\u00fa, Lima 15088, Peru"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0455-3612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole","family":"Unsihuay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomechanics and Applied Robotics Research Laboratory, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Per\u00fa, Lima 15088, Peru"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7682-5058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria E.","family":"Abarca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomechanics and Applied Robotics Research Laboratory, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Per\u00fa, Lima 15088, Peru"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5920-9608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dante A.","family":"Elias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomechanics and Applied Robotics Research Laboratory, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Per\u00fa, Lima 15088, Peru"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"Subvocal Muscle Activity during Stuttering and Fluent Speech: A Comparison","volume":"16","author":"Bar","year":"1969","journal-title":"S. 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