{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T22:16:08Z","timestamp":1773785768749,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["51606158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51606158"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["11604311"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11604311"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["61705204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61705204"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["21506257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21506257"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021JDRC0022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JDRC0022"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021J05202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021J05202"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["MECOF2022B01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MECOF2022B01"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["DH202321"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DH202321"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan Science and Technology Program","award":["51606158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51606158"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan Science and Technology Program","award":["11604311"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11604311"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan Science and Technology Program","award":["61705204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61705204"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan Science and Technology Program","award":["21506257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21506257"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan Science and Technology Program","award":["2021JDRC0022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JDRC0022"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan Science and Technology Program","award":["2021J05202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021J05202"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan Science and Technology Program","award":["MECOF2022B01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MECOF2022B01"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan Science and Technology Program","award":["DH202321"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DH202321"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","award":["51606158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51606158"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","award":["11604311"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11604311"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","award":["61705204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61705204"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","award":["21506257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21506257"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","award":["2021JDRC0022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JDRC0022"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","award":["2021J05202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021J05202"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","award":["MECOF2022B01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MECOF2022B01"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","award":["DH202321"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DH202321"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of the Key Laboratory for Metallurgical Equipment and Control Technology of Ministry of Education in Wuhan University of Science and Technology, China","award":["51606158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51606158"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of the Key Laboratory for Metallurgical Equipment and Control Technology of Ministry of Education in Wuhan University of Science and Technology, China","award":["11604311"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11604311"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of the Key Laboratory for Metallurgical Equipment and Control Technology of Ministry of Education in Wuhan University of Science and Technology, China","award":["61705204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61705204"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of the Key Laboratory for Metallurgical Equipment and Control Technology of Ministry of Education in Wuhan University of Science and Technology, China","award":["21506257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21506257"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of the Key Laboratory for Metallurgical Equipment and Control Technology of Ministry of Education in Wuhan University of Science and Technology, China","award":["2021JDRC0022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JDRC0022"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of the Key Laboratory for Metallurgical Equipment and Control Technology of Ministry of Education in Wuhan University of Science and Technology, China","award":["2021J05202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021J05202"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of the Key Laboratory for Metallurgical Equipment and Control Technology of Ministry of Education in Wuhan University of Science and Technology, China","award":["MECOF2022B01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MECOF2022B01"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of the Key Laboratory for Metallurgical Equipment and Control Technology of Ministry of Education in Wuhan University of Science and Technology, China","award":["DH202321"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DH202321"]}]},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Navigation Technology and Application, Guilin University of Electronic Technology","award":["51606158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51606158"]}]},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Navigation Technology and Application, Guilin University of Electronic Technology","award":["11604311"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11604311"]}]},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Navigation Technology and Application, Guilin University of Electronic Technology","award":["61705204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61705204"]}]},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Navigation Technology and Application, Guilin University of Electronic Technology","award":["21506257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21506257"]}]},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Navigation Technology and Application, Guilin University of Electronic Technology","award":["2021JDRC0022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JDRC0022"]}]},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Navigation Technology and Application, Guilin University of Electronic Technology","award":["2021J05202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021J05202"]}]},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Navigation Technology and Application, Guilin University of Electronic Technology","award":["MECOF2022B01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MECOF2022B01"]}]},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Navigation Technology and Application, Guilin University of Electronic Technology","award":["DH202321"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DH202321"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As graphene-related technology advances, the benefits of graphene metamaterials become more apparent. In this study, a surface-isolated exciton-based absorber is built by running relevant simulations on graphene, which can achieve more than 98% perfect absorption at multiple frequencies in the MWIR (MediumWavelength Infra-Red (MWIR) band as compared to the typical absorber. The absorber consists of three layers: the bottom layer is gold, the middle layer is dielectric, and the top layer is patterned with graphene. Tunability was achieved by electrically altering graphene\u2019s Fermi energy, hence the position of the absorption peak. The influence of graphene\u2019s relaxation time on the sensor is discussed. Due to the symmetry of its structure, different angles of light source incidence have little effect on the absorption rate, leading to polarization insensitivity, especially for TE waves, and this absorber has polarization insensitivity at ultra-wide-angle degrees. The sensor is characterized by its tunability, polarisation insensitivity, and high sensitivity, with a sensitivity of up to 21.60 THz\/refractive index unit (RIU). This paper demonstrates the feasibility of the multi-frequency sensor and provides a theoretical basis for the realization of the multi-frequency sensor. This makes it possible to apply it to high-sensitivity sensors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24082658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T09:53:52Z","timestamp":1713779632000},"page":"2658","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Tunable High-Sensitivity Four-Frequency Refractive Index Sensor Based on Graphene Metamaterial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Xu","family":"Bao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Laboratory for Extreme Conditions Matter Properties, Key Laboratory of Manufacturing Process Testing Technology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China"}]},{"given":"Shujun","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Metallurgical Equipment and Control Technology of the Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"Wenqiang","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Laboratory for Extreme Conditions Matter Properties, Key Laboratory of Manufacturing Process Testing Technology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Metallurgical Equipment and Control Technology of the Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7019-7481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zao","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Laboratory for Extreme Conditions Matter Properties, Key Laboratory of Manufacturing Process Testing Technology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China"},{"name":"School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China"},{"name":"School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2565-6669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shubo","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6871-1966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bin","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Microelectronics and Control Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9812-3807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianguo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Jinzhong University, Jinzhong 030619, China"}]},{"given":"Chaojun","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China"}]},{"given":"Yougen","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1021\/nl404824w","article-title":"Graphene Plasmon Enhanced Vibrational Sensing of Surface-Adsorbed Layers","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14403","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14403","article-title":"THz near-field spectral encoding imaging using a rainbow metasurface","volume":"5","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2020.108083","article-title":"Ultra-high sensitivity SPR fiber sensor based on multilayer nanoparticle and Au film coupling enhancement","volume":"164","author":"Xia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2023.112957","article-title":"A theoretical analysis of refractive index sensor with improved sensitivity using titanium dioxide, graphene, and antimonene grating: Pseudomonas bacteria detection","volume":"216","author":"Khaled","year":"2023","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85850Y","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2005709","article-title":"Terahertz metamaterials perfect absorbers for sensing and imaging","volume":"8585","author":"Wilbert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"4700508","article-title":"Terahertz Metamaterial Absorbers Implemented in CMOS Technology for Imaging Applications: Scaling to Large Format Focal Plane Arrays","volume":"23","author":"Carranza","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Yi, Y., Li, W., Liang, S., Ma, J., Cheng, S., Yang, W., and Yi, Y. (2023). High Absorptivity and Ultra-Wideband Solar Absorber Based on Ti-Al2O3 Cross Elliptical Disk Arrays. Coatings, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings13030531"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diamond.2023.110607","article-title":"Ultra-broadband near-infrared absorption enhancement of monolayer graphene by multiple-resonator approach","volume":"141","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diam. Relat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253901","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0155547","article-title":"Polarization-insensitive composite gradient-index metasurface array for microwave power reception","volume":"122","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230094","DOI":"10.29026\/oea.2023.230094","article-title":"Ferroelectrically modulate the Fermi level of graphene oxide to enhance SERS response","volume":"6","author":"Shao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opto-Electron. Adv."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diamond.2024.110793","article-title":"Polarization independent tunable bandwidth absorber based on single-layer graphene","volume":"142","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diam. Relat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230012","DOI":"10.29026\/oes.2023.230012","article-title":"In-fiber photoelectric device based on graphene-coated tilted fiber grating","volume":"2","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opto-Electron. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-024-03961-6","article-title":"Bandwidth tunability of graphene absorption enhancement by hybridization of delocalized surface plasmon polaritons and localized magnetic plasmons","volume":"19","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Discov. Nano"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153902","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0170827","article-title":"Research on Electromagnetic Energy Absorption and Conversion Device with Four-Ring Multi-Resistance Structure","volume":"123","author":"Xiong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207402","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.100.207402","article-title":"Perfect metamaterial absorber","volume":"100","author":"Landy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2019.12.050","article-title":"Simulation of dynamically tunable and switchable electromagnetically induced transparency analogue based on metal-graphene hybrid metamaterial","volume":"159","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200098","DOI":"10.29026\/oea.2022.200098","article-title":"Graphene-empowered dynamic metasurfaces and metadevices","volume":"5","author":"Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opto-Electron. Adv."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfin.2023.103042","article-title":"Terahertz Selective Active Electromagnetic Absorption Film Based on Single-layer Graphene","volume":"40","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Surf. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210093","DOI":"10.29026\/oea.2022.210093","article-title":"All-dielectric \u03c7(2) metasurfaces: Recent progress","volume":"5","author":"Gigli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opto-Electron. Adv."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2023.110186","article-title":"Six-band rotationally symmetric tunable absorption film based on AlCuFe quasicrystals","volume":"169","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shangguan, Q., Chen, Z., Yang, H., Cheng, S., Yang, W., Yi, Z., Wu, X., Wang, S., Yi, Y., and Wu, P. (2022). Design of Ultra-Narrow Band Graphene Refractive Index Sensor. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22176483"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2023.121074","article-title":"Tunable smart mid infrared thermal control emitter based on phase change material VO2 thin film","volume":"232","author":"Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.134769","article-title":"Interfaces coupling deformation mechanisms of liquid-liquid-liquid three-phase flow in a confined microchannel","volume":"434","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asif, M., Wang, Q., Ouyang, Z., Lin, M., and Liang, Z. (2024). Ultra-Wideband Terahertz Wave Absorber Using Vertically Structured IGIGIM Metasurface. Crystals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst14010022"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diamond.2022.109273","article-title":"High sensitivity active adjustable graphene absorber for refractive index sensing applications","volume":"128","author":"Shangguan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diam. Relat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kubacki, R., Przesmycki, R., and Laskowski, D. (2023). Shielding Effectiveness of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Electronics with Graphene-Based Absorber. Electronics, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202308.1880.v1"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2023.129811","article-title":"Dual ultrahigh-Q Fano Resonances of 3D gap metamaterials for slow light from ultraviolet to visible range","volume":"549","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220058","DOI":"10.29026\/oea.2022.220058","article-title":"Crosstalk-free achromatic full Stokes imaging polarimetry metasurface enabled by polarization-dependent phase optimization","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opto-Electron. Adv."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Huang, J., Sun, D., Zeng, Q., Song, M., and Denidni, T.A. (2023). UWB Frequency-Selective Surface Absorber Based on Graphene Featuring Wide-Angle Stability. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23052677"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1743991","article-title":"Drude-Model Calculation of Dispersion Forces. I. General Theory","volume":"27","author":"Bade","year":"1957","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elshorbagy, M.H., Cuadrado, A., and Alda, J. (2024). Optical Sensing Using Hybrid Multilayer Grating Metasurfaces with Customized Spectral Response. Sensors, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/s24031043"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2005.10.061","article-title":"SiO2\/TiO2 thin films with variable refractive index prepared by ion beam induced and plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition","volume":"500","author":"Gracia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Thin Solid Film."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samy, O., Belmoubarik, M., Otsuji, T., and El Moutaouakil, A. (2023). A Voltage-Tuned Terahertz Absorber Based on MoS2\/Graphene Nanoribbon Structure. Nanomaterials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13111716"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"014416","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.64.014416","article-title":"Theory of the anomalous Hall effect from the Kubo formula and the Dirac equation","volume":"64","author":"Bruno","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Paul Gollapalli, R., Wei, T., and Reid, J. (2022). Graphene\u2014Recent Advances, Future Perspective and Applied Applications [Working Title], IntechOpen."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195135","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.107.195135","article-title":"Fermi-Dirac staircase occupation of Floquet bands and current rectification inside the optical gap of metals: An exact approach","volume":"107","author":"Matsyshyn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cunha, D.F.P., Dias, R., Rodrigues, M.J.L.F., and Vasilevskiy, M.I. (2024). Two-Step Relaxation of Non-Equilibrium Electrons in Graphene: The Key to Understanding Pump\u2013Probe Experiments. Appl. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/app14031250"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Anders, H. (1965). Thin Films in Optics, The Focal Press."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diamond.2023.109960","article-title":"A five-peaks graphene absorber with multiple adjustable and high sensitivity in the far infrared band","volume":"136","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diam. Relat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smolkin, E., and Smirnov, Y. (2023). Numerical Study of the Spectrum of TE-Polarized Electromagnetic Waves of a Goubau Line Coated with Graphene. Photonics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/photonics10121297"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18435","DOI":"10.1039\/D3NR05095E","article-title":"Design and experimental realization of triple-band electromagnetically induced transparency terahertz metamaterials employing two big-bright modes for sensing applications","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2022.108789","article-title":"Ultra long infrared metamaterial absorber with high absorption and broad band based on nano cross surrounding","volume":"158","author":"Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2018.10.034","article-title":"Smooth-shell metamaterials of cubic symmetry: Anisotropic elasticity, yield strength and specific energy absorption","volume":"164","author":"Bonatti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2023.114972","article-title":"Design and analysis of an electromagnetic energy conversion device","volume":"366","author":"Xiong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8489","DOI":"10.1039\/D2CP05562G","article-title":"Tunable broadband absorber based on a layered resonant structure with a Dirac semimetal","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045024","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5032297","article-title":"Surface plasmon absorption in MoS2 and graphene-MoS2 micro-gratings and the impact of a liquid crystal substrate","volume":"8","author":"Reshetnyak","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIP Adv."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2018.10.079","article-title":"MoS2-graphene heterostructures as efficient organic compounds sensing 2D materials","volume":"142","author":"Pham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lang, T., Xiao, M., and Cen, W. (2023). Graphene-Based Metamaterial Sensor for Pesticide Trace Detection. Biosensors, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13050560"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diamond.2022.108973","article-title":"A \u201cbelfry-typed\u201d narrow-band tunable perfect absorber based on graphene and the application potential research","volume":"125","author":"Shangguan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diam. Relat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Armghan, A., Alsharari, M., Aliqab, K., Alsalman, O., Parmar, J., and Patel, S.K. (2023). Graphene Twistronics: Tuning the Absorption Spectrum and Achieving Metamaterial Properties. Mathematics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/math11071579"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S., and Kim, S. (2023). Towards Mirror-Less Graphene-Based Perfect Absorbers. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13179708"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045503","DOI":"10.1088\/1572-9494\/acbe2d","article-title":"Active Tunable Terahertz Bandwidth Absorber Based on single layer Graphene","volume":"75","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Commun. Theor. Phys."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-021-01432-7","article-title":"A Tunable Perfect THz Metamaterial Absorber with Three Absorption Peaks Based on Nonstructured Graphene","volume":"16","author":"Rahmanshahi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5665","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.26.005665","article-title":"Graphene on Metal-Insulator-Metal-Based Plasmonic Metamaterials at Infrared Wavelengths","volume":"26","author":"Ogawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, J., Tian, Y., Cheng, J., Cheng, S., Tang, B., Chen, J., Yi, Y., Wu, P., Yi, Z., and Sun, T. (2023). Active Broadband Absorber Based on Phase-Change Materials Optimized via Evolutionary Algorithm. Coatings, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings13091604"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsharari, M., Armghan, A., and Aliqab, K. (2023). Numerical Analysis and Parametric Optimization of T-Shaped Symmetrical Metasurface with Broad Bandwidth for Solar Absorber Application Based on Graphene Material. Mathematics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/math11040971"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2024.110650","article-title":"Perfect adjustable absorber based on Dirac semi-metal high sensitivity four-band high frequency detection","volume":"174","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diamond.2022.109644","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Detecting Rapid Metasurface-Based Sensor","volume":"132","author":"Patel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diam. Relat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kameshkov, O., Gerasimov, V., and Knyazev, B. (2022). Numerical Optimization of Refractive Index Sensors Based on Diffraction Gratings with High Aspect Ratio in Terahertz Range. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22010172"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vafapour, Z. (2022). Cost-Effective Bull\u2019s Eye Aperture-Style Multi-Band Metamaterial Absorber at Sub-THz Band: Design, Numerical Analysis, and Physical Interpretation. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22082892"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NA00770A","article-title":"Design of a dual-band terahertz metamaterial absorber using two identical square patches for sensing application","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanoscale Adv."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900721","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.201900721","article-title":"Terahertz Sensing Based on Metasurfaces","volume":"8","author":"Beruete","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Optical Mater."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210098","DOI":"10.29026\/oea.2022.210098","article-title":"Multifunctional flexible optical waveguide sensor: On the bioinspiration for ultrasensitive sensors development","volume":"5","author":"Avellar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opto-Electron. Adv."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rinp.2024.107667","article-title":"Dynamical behavior analysis and soliton solutions of the generalized Whitham\u2013Broer\u2013Kaup\u2013Boussineq\u2013Kupershmidt equations","volume":"60","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Results Phys."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spmi.2021.106898","article-title":"Dual-band ultrasensitive terahertz sensor based on tunable graphene metamaterial absorber","volume":"154","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Superlattices Microstruct."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karthikeyan, M., Jayabala, P., Ramachandran, S., Dhanabalan, S.S., Sivanesan, T., and Ponnusamy, M. (2022). Tunable Optimal Dual Band Metamaterial Absorber for High Sensitivity THz Refractive Index Sensing. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12152693"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2022.128775","article-title":"Absorption-based ultra-sensitive RI sensor based on the flower-shaped graphene resonator for early detection of cancer","volume":"524","author":"Razani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2021.107409","article-title":"Thermally-stable graphene metamaterial absorber with excellent tunability for high-performance refractive index sensing in the terahertz band","volume":"144","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5813","DOI":"10.1039\/D1NA00388G","article-title":"Bipolar charge trapping for absorption enhancement in a graphene-based ultrathin dual-band terahertz biosensor","volume":"3","author":"Varshney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanoscale Adv."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/8\/2658\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:32:15Z","timestamp":1760106735000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/8\/2658"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s24082658"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24082658","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]]}}}