{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T06:36:15Z","timestamp":1768804575343,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]],"date-time":"2024-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","award":["PID2020-116896RB-C21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-116896RB-C21"]}]},{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","award":["PID2020-116896RBC22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-116896RBC22"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Doctrinal texts on architectural heritage conservation emphasize the importance of fully understanding the structural and material characteristics and utilizing information systems. Photogrammetry allows for the generation of detailed, geo-referenced Digital Elevation Models of architectural elements at a low cost, while GIS software enables the addition of layers of material characteristic data to these models, creating different property maps that can be combined through map algebra. This paper presents the results of the mechanical characterization of materials and salt-related decay forms of the polygonal apse of the 13th-century monastery of Santa Mar\u00eda de Bonaval (Guadalajara, Spain), which is primarily affected by salt crystallization. Rock strength is estimated using on-site nondestructive testing (ultrasound pulse velocity and Leeb hardness). They are mapped and combined through map algebra to derive a single mechanical soundness index (MSI) to determine whether the decay of the walls could be dependent on the orientation. The presented results show that salt decay in the building is anisotropic, with the south-facing side of the apse displaying an overall lower MSI than the others. The relative overheating of the south-facing side of the apse enhances the effect of salt crystallization, thereby promoting phase transitions between epsomite and hexahydrite.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24092686","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]],"date-time":"2024-04-24T03:56:31Z","timestamp":1713930991000},"page":"2686","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Characterization of Anisotropic Salt Weathering through Nondestructive Techniques Mapping Using a GIS Environment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8272-2362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Gomez-Heras","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Geolog\u00eda y Geoqu\u00edmica, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0053-8209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"L\u00f3pez-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, 28022 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3674-2711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Teresa","family":"Gil-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Pintura y Conservaci\u00f3n-Restauraci\u00f3n, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Cabello-Briones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Nacional de Educaci\u00f3n a Distancia, 28015 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7325-4042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Benavente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2067-6644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Geol\u00f3gico y Minero de Espa\u00f1a (IGME, CSIC), Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"ICOMOS (2003). 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