{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T05:49:47Z","timestamp":1776836987682,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]],"date-time":"2024-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2229155"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2229155"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018375"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018375"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2050887"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2050887"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE)","award":["2229155"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2229155"]}]},{"name":"Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE)","award":["2018375"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018375"]}]},{"name":"Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE)","award":["2050887"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2050887"]}]},{"name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)","award":["2229155"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2229155"]}]},{"name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)","award":["2018375"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018375"]}]},{"name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)","award":["2050887"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2050887"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Additive manufacturing (AM) technology has recently seen increased utilization due to its versatility in using functional materials, offering a new pathway for next-generation conformal electronics in the smart sensor field. However, the limited availability of polymer-based ultraviolet (UV)-curable materials with enhanced piezoelectric properties necessitates the development of a tailorable process suitable for 3D printing. This paper investigates the structural, thermal, rheological, mechanical, and piezoelectric properties of a newly developed sensor resin material. The polymer resin is based on polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a matrix, mixed with constituents enabling UV curability, and boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) are added to form a nanocomposite resin. The results demonstrate the successful micro-scale printability of the developed polymer and nanocomposite resins using a liquid crystal display (LCD)-based 3D printer. Additionally, incorporating BNNTs into the polymer matrix enhanced the piezoelectric properties, with an increase in the voltage response by up to 50.13%. This work provides new insights for the development of 3D printable flexible sensor devices and energy harvesting systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24092694","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]],"date-time":"2024-04-24T03:56:31Z","timestamp":1713930991000},"page":"2694","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Polymer Nanocomposite Sensors with Improved Piezoelectric Properties through Additive Manufacturing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4902-6565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rishikesh","family":"Srinivasaraghavan Govindarajan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace Engineering, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL 32114, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5606-5893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zefu","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace Engineering, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL 32114, USA"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Melendez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL 32114, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2975-2073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra K. S.","family":"Boetcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL 32114, USA"}]},{"given":"Foram","family":"Madiyar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Science, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL 32114, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3885-3925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daewon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace Engineering, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL 32114, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2004.05.021","article-title":"Miniature pressure sensor and micromachined actuator structure based on low-temperature-cofired ceramics and piezoelectric material","volume":"87","author":"Khanna","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mater. 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