{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T14:33:08Z","timestamp":1773930788000,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]],"date-time":"2024-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","award":["PID2019-108377RB-C33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-108377RB-C33"]}]},{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","award":["PID2022-137680OB-C33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2022-137680OB-C33"]}]},{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","award":["PID2021-123100NB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-123100NB-I00"]}]},{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","award":["PID2019-108377RB-C33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-108377RB-C33"]}]},{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","award":["PID2022-137680OB-C33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2022-137680OB-C33"]}]},{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","award":["PID2021-123100NB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-123100NB-I00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The BC501A sensor is a liquid scintillator frequently used in nuclear physics for detecting fast neutrons. This paper describes a hardware implementation of digital pulse shape analysis (DPSA) for real-time analysis. DPSA is an algorithm that extracts the physically relevant parameters from the detected BC501A signals. The hardware solution is implemented in a MicroTCA system that provides the physical, mechanical, electrical, and cooling support for an AMC board (NAMC-ZYNQ-FMC) with a Xilinx ZYNQ Ultrascale-MP SoC. The Xilinx FPGA programmable logic implements a JESD204B interface to high-speed ADCs. The physical and datalink JESD204B layers are implemented using hardware description language (HDL), while the Xilinx high-level synthesis language (HLS) is used for the transport and application layers. The DPSA algorithm is a JESD204B application layer that includes a FIR filter and a constant fraction discriminator (CFD) function, a baseline calculation function, a peak detection function, and an energy calculation function. This architecture achieves an analysis mean time of less than 100 \u00b5s per signal with an FPGA resource utilization of about 50% of its most used resources. This paper presents a high-performance DPSA embedded system that interfaces with a 1 GS\/s ADC and performs accurate calculations with relatively low latency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24092724","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]],"date-time":"2024-04-25T05:26:13Z","timestamp":1714022773000},"page":"2724","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Hardware Acceleration of Digital Pulse Shape Analysis Using FPGAs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9333-906X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instrumentation and Applied Acoustic Research Group, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28031 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1337-0110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariano","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instrumentation and Applied Acoustic Research Group, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28031 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Carpe\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instrumentation and Applied Acoustic Research Group, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28031 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2903-8563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Pi\u00f1as","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instrumentation and Applied Acoustic Research Group, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28031 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9568-7508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Cano-Ott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Energ\u00e9ticas, Medioambientales y Tecnol\u00f3gicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julio","family":"Plaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Energ\u00e9ticas, Medioambientales y Tecnol\u00f3gicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Trino","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Energ\u00e9ticas, Medioambientales y Tecnol\u00f3gicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Villamarin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Energ\u00e9ticas, Medioambientales y Tecnol\u00f3gicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2015.06.008","article-title":"Characterizations of BC501A and BC537 liquid scintillator detectors","volume":"104","author":"Qin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. 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