{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T01:05:31Z","timestamp":1769216731506,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]],"date-time":"2024-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"A-STEP of the Japan Science and Technology Agency","award":["AS2915047S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AS2915047S"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Myoelectric hands are beneficial tools in the daily activities of people with upper-limb deficiencies. Because traditional myoelectric hands rely on detecting muscle activity in residual limbs, they are not suitable for individuals with short stumps or paralyzed limbs. Therefore, we developed a novel electric prosthetic hand that functions without myoelectricity, utilizing wearable wireless sensor technology for control. As a preliminary evaluation, our prototype hand with wireless button sensors was compared with a conventional myoelectric hand (Ottobock). Ten healthy therapists were enrolled in this study. The hands were fixed to their forearms, myoelectric hand muscle activity sensors were attached to the wrist extensor and flexor muscles, and wireless button sensors for the prostheses were attached to each user\u2019s trunk. Clinical evaluations were performed using the Simple Test for Evaluating Hand Function and the Action Research Arm Test. The fatigue degree was evaluated using the modified Borg scale before and after the tests. While no statistically significant differences were observed between the two hands across the tests, the change in the Borg scale was notably smaller for our prosthetic hand (p = 0.045). Compared with the Ottobock hand, the proposed hand prosthesis has potential for widespread applications in people with upper-limb deficiencies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24092765","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]],"date-time":"2024-04-26T08:18:27Z","timestamp":1714119507000},"page":"2765","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Developing a Novel Prosthetic Hand with Wireless Wearable Sensor Technology Based on User Perspectives: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7491-4516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yukiyo","family":"Shimizu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan"},{"name":"Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences Hospital, Ami 300-0331, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takahiko","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Shonan Institute of Technology, Fujisawa 251-8511, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9216-0057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenichi","family":"Yoshikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences Hospital, Ami 300-0331, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daisuke","family":"Katane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences Hospital, Ami 300-0331, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Torishima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saitama Prosthetics and Orthotics Manufacturing Service Co., Ltd., Saitama 337-0051, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Hara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurophysiology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira 187-8551, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arito","family":"Yozu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision Engineering, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo 113-8656, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9293-3531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masashi","family":"Yamazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0292-3493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasushi","family":"Hada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hirotaka","family":"Mutsuzaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences Hospital, Ami 300-0331, Japan"},{"name":"Center for Medical Science, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ami 300-0331, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2205","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000002205","article-title":"Cross-sectional international multicenter study on quality of life and reasons for abandonment of upper limb prostheses","volume":"7","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Glob. Open"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1080\/17483100701714733","article-title":"Consumer design priorities for upper limb prosthetics","volume":"2","author":"Biddiss","year":"2007","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil. Assist. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.3109\/17483107.2011.635405","article-title":"Prosthesis rejection in acquired major upper-limb amputees: A population-based survey","volume":"7","author":"Franklin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil. Assist. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2013.02.0056","article-title":"User ratings of prosthetic usability and satisfaction in VA study to optimize DEKA arm","volume":"51","author":"Resnik","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Resnik, L., Ekerholm, S., Borgia, M., and Clark, M.A. (2019). A national study of veterans with major upper limb amputation: Survey methods, participants, and summary findings. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213578"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364620957920","article-title":"Longitudinal study of prosthesis use in veterans with upper limb amputation","volume":"45","author":"Resnik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prosthet. Orthot. Int."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364611401776","article-title":"Implications of prosthesis funding structures on the use of prostheses: Experiences of individuals with upper limb absence","volume":"35","author":"Biddiss","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prosthet. Orthot. Int."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00209","article-title":"Literature review on needs of upper limb prosthesis users","volume":"10","author":"Cordella","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1699506","article-title":"Prosthetic rehabilitation of the upper limb amputee","volume":"44","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2014.08.0192","article-title":"Differences in myoelectric and body-powered upper-limb prostheses: Systematic literature review","volume":"52","author":"Carey","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2018.09.004","article-title":"Development of new cosmetic gloves for myoelectric prosthetic hand using superelastic rubber","volume":"111","author":"Yabuki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Robot. Auton. Syst."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2022.3223531","article-title":"Finch: Prosthetic arm with three opposing fingers controlled by a muscle bulge","volume":"31","author":"Yoshikawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural. Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1177\/1071181319631508","article-title":"Understanding prosthetic abandonment","volume":"63","author":"Espinosa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Human Factors Ergonomics Soc. Annu. Meet."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baumann, M.F., Frank, D., Kulla, L.-C., and Stieglitz, T. (2020). Obstacles to prosthetic care\u2014Legal and ethical aspects of access to upper and lower limb prosthetics in Germany and the improvement of prosthetic care from a social perspective. Societies, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/soc10010010"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.12666","article-title":"Frequency, severity, and implications of shoulder pain in people with major upper limb amputation who use prostheses: Results of a national study","volume":"14","author":"Webster","year":"2022","journal-title":"PM&R"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2018.2807360","article-title":"Upper limb prosthesis control for high-level amputees via myoelectric recognition of leg gestures","volume":"26","author":"Lyons","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural. Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mori, T., Tanaka, Y., Yoshikawa, K., Katane, D., Torishima, H., Shimizu, Y., and Hara, Y. (2013, January 3\u20137). Proposal of bioinstrumentation using shape deformation of the amputated upper limb. Proceedings of the 2013 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Osaka, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2013.6609642"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mori, T., Tanaka, Y., Mito, M., Yoshikawa, K., Katane, D., Torishima, H., Shimizu, Y., and Hara, Y. (2014, January 26\u201330). Proposal of bioinstrumentation using flex sensor for amputated upper limb. Proceedings of the 2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Chicago, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2014.6943816"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Japan Platform for Patent Information (JP,6953007,B). Available online: https:\/\/www.j-platpat.inpit.go.jp\/p0200."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2024, April 01). Nordic. Semiconductor. nRF24LU1+ Single Chip 2.4-GHz Transceiver with USB Microcontroller and Flash Memory Product Specification v1.1. Available online: https:\/\/infocenter.nordicsemi.com\/pdf\/nRF24LU1P_PS_v1.1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2024, April 10). Actuonix Motion Devices, PQ12-100-12-P Linear Actuator. Available online: https:\/\/www.actuonix.com\/pq12-100-12-p."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1191\/0269215505cr832oa","article-title":"Reliability and validity of arm function assessment with standardized guidelines for the Fugl-Meyer Test, Action Research Arm Test and Box and Block Test: A multicentre study","volume":"19","author":"Platz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-10-55","article-title":"A pilot study of sensory feedback by transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation to improve manipulation deficit caused by severe sensory loss after stroke","volume":"10","author":"Kita","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-11-67","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of upper limb motor function in Multiple Sclerosis using an instrumented Action Research Arm Test","volume":"11","author":"Carpinella","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.27.1053","article-title":"Sensitivity of the accelerometer as a measurement tool for upper extremity movement by stroke patients: A comparison with the action research arm test","volume":"27","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198205000-00012","article-title":"Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion","volume":"14","author":"Borg","year":"1982","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/141.4_Pt_1.909","article-title":"Comparison of scales used to quantitate the sense of effort to breathe in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"141","author":"Muza","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.06.025","article-title":"Learning to control opening and closing a myoelectric hand","volume":"91","author":"Bouwsema","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2011.09.0179","article-title":"Determining skill level in myoelectric prosthesis use with multiple outcome measures","volume":"49","author":"Bouwsema","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-016-0197-7","article-title":"Learning to use a body-powered prosthesis: Changes in functionality and kinematics","volume":"13","author":"Huinink","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1097\/JPO.0000000000000296","article-title":"Mechanisms of sporadic control failure related to the skin-electrode interface in myoelectric hand prostheses","volume":"32","author":"Stavdahl","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Orthot."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2024, January 28). Available online: https:\/\/www.ottobock.com\/en-us\/product\/8E500."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689717","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbot.2021.689717","article-title":"Co-creation and user perspectives for upper limb prosthetics","volume":"15","author":"Jones","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Neurorobot."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Ossur (2024, January 28). i-Limb\u00ae Quantum Bionic Hand. Available online: https:\/\/www.ossur.com\/en-us\/prosthetics\/arms\/i-limb-quantum."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.5999\/aps.2018.01375","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of a low-cost single-channel myoelectric-interface three-dimensional hand prosthesis","volume":"46","author":"Ku","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364611426905","article-title":"The influence of passive wrist joints on the functionality of prosthetic hands","volume":"36","author":"Kyberd","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prosthet. Orthot. Int."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/JPO.0b013e3181ae9637","article-title":"Prosthetic Outcome measures for use with upper limb amputees: A systematic review of the peer-reviewed literature, 1970 to 2009","volume":"21","author":"Wright","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Orthot."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364611418554","article-title":"The influence of control format and hand design in single axis myoelectric hands: Assessment of functionality of prosthetic hands using the Southampton hand assessment procedure","volume":"35","author":"Kyberd","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prosthet. Orthot. Int."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/9\/2765\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:33:48Z","timestamp":1760106828000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/9\/2765"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s24092765"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24092765","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]]}}}