{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:04:12Z","timestamp":1760144652463,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]],"date-time":"2024-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CONACyT"},{"name":"TecNM"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This research presents an experimental electric vehicle developed at the Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico Celaya campus. It was decided to use a golf cart-type gasoline vehicle as a starting point. Initially, the body was removed, and the vehicle was electrified, meaning its engine was replaced with an electric one. Subsequently, sensors used to measure the vehicle states were placed, calibrated, and instrumented. Additionally, a mathematical model was developed along with a strategy for the parametric identification of this model. A communication scheme was implemented consisting of four slave devices responsible for controlling the accelerator, brake, steering wheel, and measuring the sensors related to odometry. The master device is responsible for communicating with the slaves, displaying information on a screen, creating a log, and implementing trajectory tracking techniques based on classical, geometric, and predictive control. Finally, the performance of the control algorithms implemented on the experimental prototype was compared in terms of tracking error and control input across three different types of trajectories: lane change, right-angle curve, and U-turn.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24092769","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]],"date-time":"2024-04-26T08:18:27Z","timestamp":1714119507000},"page":"2769","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Design, Construction, and Validation of an Experimental Electric Vehicle with Trajectory Tracking"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6887-8686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joel Artemio","family":"Morales Viscaya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico en Celaya (TecNM), Antonio Garc\u00eda Cubas #600, Celaya 38010, Guanajuato, M\u00e9xico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5050-6208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro Israel","family":"Barranco Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico en Celaya (TecNM), Antonio Garc\u00eda Cubas #600, Celaya 38010, Guanajuato, M\u00e9xico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8550-888X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilberto","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico en Celaya (TecNM), Antonio Garc\u00eda Cubas #600, Celaya 38010, Guanajuato, M\u00e9xico"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parekh, D., Poddar, N., Rajpurkar, A., Chahal, M., Kumar, N., Joshi, G.P., and Cho, W. 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