{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T18:59:07Z","timestamp":1781377147744,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,28]],"date-time":"2024-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European MSCN-ITN-ENHANCE program","award":["722496"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["722496"]}]},{"name":"European MSCN-ITN-ENHANCE program","award":["ANR-17-EURE-0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-17-EURE-0002"]}]},{"name":"French RENATECH network","award":["722496"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["722496"]}]},{"name":"French RENATECH network","award":["ANR-17-EURE-0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-17-EURE-0002"]}]},{"name":"EUR EIPHI","award":["722496"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["722496"]}]},{"name":"EUR EIPHI","award":["ANR-17-EURE-0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-17-EURE-0002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vibration energy harvesting based on piezoelectric transducers is an attractive choice to replace single-use batteries in powering Wireless Sensor Nodes (WSNs). As of today, their widespread application is hindered due to low operational bandwidth and the conventional use of lead-based materials. The Restriction of Hazardous Substances legislation (RoHS) implemented in the European Union restricts the use of lead-based piezoelectric materials in future electronic devices. This paper investigates lithium niobate (LiNbO3) as a lead-free material for a high-performance broadband Piezoelectric Energy Harvester (PEH). A single-clamped, cantilever beam-based piezoelectric microgenerator with a mechanical footprint of 1 cm2, working at a low resonant frequency of 200 Hz, with a high piezoelectric coupling coefficient and broad bandwidth, was designed and microfabricated, and its performance was evaluated. The PEH device, with an acceleration of 1 g delivers a maximum output RMS power of nearly 35 \u03bcW\/cm2 and a peak voltage of 6 V for an optimal load resistance at resonance. Thanks to a high squared piezoelectric electro-mechanical coupling coefficient (k2), the device offers a broadband operating frequency range above 10% of the central frequency. The Mason electro-mechanical equivalent circuit was derived, and a SPICE model of the device was compared with experimental results. Finally, the output voltage of the harvester was rectified to provide a DC output stored on a capacitor, and it was regulated and used to power an IoT node at an acceleration of as low as 0.5 g.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24092815","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]],"date-time":"2024-04-29T08:49:24Z","timestamp":1714380564000},"page":"2815","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Electro-Mechanical Characterization and Modeling of a Broadband Piezoelectric Microgenerator Based on Lithium Niobate"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Namanu","family":"Panayanthatta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Radiofrequencies, Optics and Micro-Nanoelectronics in the Alps, University Grenoble Alpes, University Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, CROMA, 38000 Grenoble, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Clementi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS (UMR 6174), ENSMM, FEMTO-ST Institute, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comt\u00e9, 26 Rue de l\u2019Epitaphe, 25030 Besan\u00e7on, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merieme","family":"Ouhabaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS (UMR 6174), ENSMM, FEMTO-ST Institute, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comt\u00e9, 26 Rue de l\u2019Epitaphe, 25030 Besan\u00e7on, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Margueron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS (UMR 6174), ENSMM, FEMTO-ST Institute, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comt\u00e9, 26 Rue de l\u2019Epitaphe, 25030 Besan\u00e7on, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8862-2669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ausrine","family":"Bartasyte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS (UMR 6174), ENSMM, FEMTO-ST Institute, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comt\u00e9, 26 Rue de l\u2019Epitaphe, 25030 Besan\u00e7on, France"},{"name":"Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 75013 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6907-5946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mickael","family":"Lallart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS, Grenoble INP, TIMA\u2014University Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1164-7996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Skandar","family":"Basrour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSA-Lyon, LGEF EA682, University Lyon, 69621 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5296-9994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"La Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"STMicroelectronics, Stradale Primosole 50, 95121 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edwige","family":"Bano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Radiofrequencies, Optics and Micro-Nanoelectronics in the Alps, University Grenoble Alpes, University Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, CROMA, 38000 Grenoble, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Montes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Radiofrequencies, Optics and Micro-Nanoelectronics in the Alps, University Grenoble Alpes, University Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, CROMA, 38000 Grenoble, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhalla, S., Moharana, S., Talakokula, V., and Kaur, N. 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