{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T18:50:02Z","timestamp":1782327002849,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]],"date-time":"2024-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, a 3D conformal meta-lens designed for manipulating electromagnetic beams via height-to-phase control is proposed. The structure consists of a 40 \u00d7 20 array of tunable unit cells fabricated using 3D printing, enabling full 360\u00b0 phase compensation. A novel automatic synthesizing method (ASM) with an integrated optimization process based on genetic algorithm (GA) is adopted here to create the meta-lens. Simulation using CST Microwave Studio and MATLAB reveals the antenna\u2019s beam deflection capability by adjusting phase compensations for each unit cell. Various beam scanning techniques are demonstrated, including single-beam, dual-beam generation, and orbital angular momentum (OAM) beam deflection at different angles of 0\u00b0, 10\u00b0, 15\u00b0, 25\u00b0, 30\u00b0, and 45\u00b0. A 3D-printed prototype of the dual-beam feature has been fabricated and measured for validation purposes, with good agreement between both simulation and measurement results, with small discrepancies due to 3D printing\u2019s low resolution and fabrication errors. This meta-lens shows promise for low-cost, high-gain beam deflection in mm-wave wireless communication systems, especially for sensing applications, with potential for wider 2D beam scanning and independent beam deflection enhancements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24092826","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]],"date-time":"2024-04-29T08:49:24Z","timestamp":1714380564000},"page":"2826","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["3D-Printed Conformal Meta-Lens with Multiple Beam-Shaping Functionalities for Mm-Wave Sensing Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5754-8526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noureddine","family":"Melouki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre-Energie Mat\u00e9riaux et T\u00e9l\u00e9communications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montreal, QC H5A 1K6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2731-1955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fahad","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre-Energie Mat\u00e9riaux et T\u00e9l\u00e9communications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montreal, QC H5A 1K6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6766-3501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peyman","family":"PourMohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre-Energie Mat\u00e9riaux et T\u00e9l\u00e9communications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montreal, QC H5A 1K6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1113-224X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hassan","family":"Naseri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre-Energie Mat\u00e9riaux et T\u00e9l\u00e9communications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montreal, QC H5A 1K6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9266-5824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed Sedigh","family":"Bizan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre-Energie Mat\u00e9riaux et T\u00e9l\u00e9communications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montreal, QC H5A 1K6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8312-7087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amjad","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre-Energie Mat\u00e9riaux et T\u00e9l\u00e9communications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montreal, QC H5A 1K6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tayeb A.","family":"Denidni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre-Energie Mat\u00e9riaux et T\u00e9l\u00e9communications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montreal, QC H5A 1K6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-map.2014.0408","article-title":"A 60 GHz simple-to-fabricate single-layer planar Fabry\u2013P\u00e9rot cavity antenna","volume":"9","author":"Hosseini","year":"2015","journal-title":"IET Microw. 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