{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T16:14:18Z","timestamp":1778948058830,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]],"date-time":"2024-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Australian Research Council Discovery Project","award":["DP210101864"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP210101864"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lung diseases are the third-leading cause of mortality in the world. Due to compromised lung function, respiratory difficulties, and physiological complications, lung disease brought on by toxic substances, pollution, infections, or smoking results in millions of deaths every year. Chest X-ray images pose a challenge for classification due to their visual similarity, leading to confusion among radiologists. To imitate those issues, we created an automated system with a large data hub that contains 17 datasets of chest X-ray images for a total of 71,096, and we aim to classify ten different disease classes. For combining various resources, our large datasets contain noise and annotations, class imbalances, data redundancy, etc. We conducted several image pre-processing techniques to eliminate noise and artifacts from images, such as resizing, de-annotation, CLAHE, and filtering. The elastic deformation augmentation technique also generates a balanced dataset. Then, we developed DeepChestGNN, a novel medical image classification model utilizing a deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) to extract 100 significant deep features indicative of various lung diseases. This model, incorporating Batch Normalization, MaxPooling, and Dropout layers, achieved a remarkable 99.74% accuracy in extensive trials. By combining graph neural networks (GNNs) with feedforward layers, the architecture is very flexible when it comes to working with graph data for accurate lung disease classification. This study highlights the significant impact of combining advanced research with clinical application potential in diagnosing lung diseases, providing an optimal framework for precise and efficient disease identification and classification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24092830","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]],"date-time":"2024-04-29T08:49:24Z","timestamp":1714380564000},"page":"2830","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["DeepChestGNN: A Comprehensive Framework for Enhanced Lung Disease Identification through Advanced Graphical Deep Features"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9660-0396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shakil","family":"Rana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Informatics Research Laboratory (HIRL), Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8921-6493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Jabed","family":"Hosen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Informatics Research Laboratory (HIRL), Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4818-8383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tasnim Jahan","family":"Tonni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Informatics Research Laboratory (HIRL), Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6002-9097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Awlad Hossen","family":"Rony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Informatics Research Laboratory (HIRL), Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0787-5403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaniz","family":"Fatema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Informatics Research Laboratory (HIRL), Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0132-1717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Zahid","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Informatics Research Laboratory (HIRL), Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6173-0483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Tanvir","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Information and Communication Technology, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail 1902, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8236-5959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Risala Tasin","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Information Technology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3114-8978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tony","family":"Jan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research and Optimisation (AIRO), Torrens University, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2822-0657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md","family":"Whaiduzzaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research and Optimisation (AIRO), Torrens University, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia"},{"name":"School of Information Systems, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2023, November 05). 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