{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:02:20Z","timestamp":1760144540934,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]],"date-time":"2024-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Environment Agency of Singapore","award":["1302 108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1302 108"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Electrochemical (EC) detection is a powerful tool supporting simple, low-cost, and rapid analysis. Although screen printing is commonly used to mass fabricate disposable EC chips, its mask is relatively expensive. In this research, we demonstrated a method for fabricating three-electrode EC chips using 3D printing of relatively high-viscosity paste. The electrodes consisted of two layers, with carbon paste printed over silver\/silver chloride paste, and the printed EC chips were baked at 70 \u00b0C for 1 h. Engineering challenges such as bulging of the tubing, clogging of the nozzle, dripping, and local accumulation of paste were solved by material selection for the tube and nozzle, and process optimization in 3D printing. The EC chips demonstrated good reversibility in redox reactions through cyclic voltammetry tests, and reliably detected heavy metal ions Pb(II) and Cd(II) in solutions using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry measurements. The results indicate that by optimizing the 3D printing of paste, EC chips can be obtained by maskless and flexible 3D printing techniques in lieu of screen printing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24092844","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T04:01:52Z","timestamp":1714449712000},"page":"2844","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Adaptive Fabrication of Electrochemical Chips with a Paste-Dispensing 3D Printer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5616-3365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ten It","family":"Wong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Candy","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science & Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Block N4.1, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shengxuan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre (R3C), Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Clean Tech One, Singapore 637141, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7518-1414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science & Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Block N4.1, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0195-4186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Wang, J. 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