{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:02:43Z","timestamp":1760144563985,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62103109","K2022J032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62103109","K2022J032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Project of China State Railway Group","award":["62103109","K2022J032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62103109","K2022J032"]}]},{"name":"Xueming Li","award":["62103109","K2022J032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62103109","K2022J032"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sensor faults are one of the most common faults that cause performance degradation or functional loss in permanent magnet traction drive systems (PMTDSs). To quickly diagnose faulty sensors, this paper proposes a real-time joint diagnosis method for multi-sensor faults based on structural analysis. Firstly, based on limited monitoring signals on board, a structured model of the system was established using the structural analysis method. The isolation and detectability of faulty sensors were analyzed using the Dulmage\u2013Mendelsohn decomposition method. Secondly, the minimum collision set method was used to calculate the minimum overdetermined equation set, transforming the higher-order system model into multiple related subsystem models, thereby reducing modeling complexity and facilitating system implementation. Next, residual vectors were constructed based on multiple subsystem models, and fault detection and isolation strategies were designed using the correlation between each subsystem model and the relevant sensors. The validation results of the physical testing platform based on online fault data recordings showed that the proposed method could achieve rapid fault detection and the localization of multi-sensor faults in PMTDS and had a good application value.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24092878","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T08:02:22Z","timestamp":1714723342000},"page":"2878","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Real-Time Multi-Sensor Joint Fault Diagnosis Method for Permanent Magnet Traction Drive Systems Based on Structural Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Weiwei","family":"Gan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China"},{"name":"CRRC Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Institute Co., Ltd., Zhuzhou 412001, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1932-9904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xueming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CRRC Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Institute Co., Ltd., Zhuzhou 412001, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9070-5746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China"}]},{"given":"Rongjun","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China"},{"name":"CRRC Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Institute Co., Ltd., Zhuzhou 412001, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3998-7194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4759-0904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiwen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"63","article-title":"Review on development and key technologies of permanent magnet synchronous traction system for rail transit","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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