{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:05:34Z","timestamp":1760144734548,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Government (CICYT)","award":["DPI2002-01258"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DPI2002-01258"]}]},{"name":"Aragon Government through the Research Activity Grant for research groups","award":["DPI2002-01258"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DPI2002-01258"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, a six-degree-of-freedom analog tactile probe with a new, simple, and robust mechanical design is presented. Its design is based on the use of one elastomeric ring that supports the stylus carrier and allows its movement inside a cubic measuring range of \u00b13 mm. The position of the probe tip is determined by three low-cost, noncontact, 2D PSD (position-sensitive detector) sensors, facilitating a wider application of this probe to different measuring systems compared to commercial ones. However, several software corrections, regarding the size and orientation of the three LED light beams, must be carried out when using these 2D sensors for this application due to the lack of additional focusing or collimating lenses and the very wide measuring range. The development process, simulation results, correction models, experimental tests, and calibration of this probe are presented. The results demonstrate high repeatability along the X-, Y-, and Z-axes (2.0 \u00b5m, 2.0 \u00b5m, and 2.1 \u00b5m, respectively) and overall accuracies of 6.7 \u00b5m, 7.0 \u00b5m, and 8.0 \u00b5m, respectively, which could be minimized by more complex correction models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24092920","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T05:52:02Z","timestamp":1714715522000},"page":"2920","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Development of a Six-Degree-of-Freedom Analog 3D Tactile Probe Based on Non-Contact 2D Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4839-0610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Antonio","family":"Albajez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aragon Institute for Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, C\/Mar\u00eda de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Vel\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aragon Institute for Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, C\/Mar\u00eda de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3069-2736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Torralba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Universitario de la Defensa, Ctra. Huesca s\/n, 50090 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3823-7903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luc\u00eda C.","family":"D\u00edaz-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aragon Institute for Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, C\/Mar\u00eda de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7152-4117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Antonio","family":"Yag\u00fce-Fabra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aragon Institute for Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, C\/Mar\u00eda de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8609-1358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Jos\u00e9","family":"Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aragon Institute for Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, C\/Mar\u00eda de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-8506(07)60034-1","article-title":"Probing Systems in Dimensional Metrology","volume":"53","author":"Weckenmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"CIRP Ann.-Manuf. 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