{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T12:03:30Z","timestamp":1777896210965,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,4]],"date-time":"2024-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research (MUR)","award":["PRIN 2022PZH8SX"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIN 2022PZH8SX"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Posture analysis is important in musculoskeletal disorder prevention but relies on subjective assessment. This study investigates the applicability and reliability of a machine learning (ML) pose estimation model for the human posture assessment, while also exploring the underlying structure of the data through principal component and cluster analyses. A cohort of 200 healthy individuals with a mean age of 24.4 \u00b1 4.2 years was photographed from the frontal, dorsal, and lateral views. We used Student\u2019s t-test and Cohen\u2019s effect size (d) to identify gender-specific postural differences and used the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) to assess the reliability of this method. Our findings demonstrate distinct sex differences in shoulder adduction angle (men: 16.1\u00b0 \u00b1 1.9\u00b0, women: 14.1\u00b0 \u00b1 1.5\u00b0, d = 1.14) and hip adduction angle (men: 9.9\u00b0 \u00b1 2.2\u00b0, women: 6.7\u00b0 \u00b1 1.5\u00b0, d = 1.67), with no significant differences in horizontal inclinations. ICC analysis, with the highest value of 0.95, confirms the reliability of the approach. Principal component and clustering analyses revealed potential new patterns in postural analysis such as significant differences in shoulder\u2013hip distance, highlighting the potential of unsupervised ML for objective posture analysis, offering a promising non-invasive method for rapid, reliable screening in physical therapy, ergonomics, and sports.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24092929","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]],"date-time":"2024-05-06T14:26:11Z","timestamp":1715005571000},"page":"2929","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Biomechanical Posture Analysis in Healthy Adults with Machine Learning: Applicability and Reliability"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7655-4489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Roggio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Science, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n\u00b097, 95123 Catania, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8895-2175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Di Grande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9077-3688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore","family":"Cavalieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1689-6190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deborah","family":"Falla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain (CPR Spine), School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8260-8890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Musumeci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Science, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n\u00b097, 95123 Catania, Italy"},{"name":"Research Center on Motor Activities (CRAM), University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n\u00b097, 95123 Catania, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e316","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00098-X","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of low back pain, 1990\u20132020, its attributable risk factors, and projections to 2050: A systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"5","author":"Ferreira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.5312\/wjo.v12.i7.467","article-title":"Technological advancements in the analysis of human motion and posture management through digital devices","volume":"12","author":"Roggio","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. 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