{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T14:48:07Z","timestamp":1781016487004,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,5]],"date-time":"2024-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of South Wales (USW) QR fund","award":["104607.13.1125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["104607.13.1125"]}]},{"name":"University of South Wales (USW) QR fund","award":["104790.1125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["104790.1125"]}]},{"name":"University of South Wales (USW) QR fund","award":["103914.13.1122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["103914.13.1122"]}]},{"name":"RIS funding","award":["104607.13.1125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["104607.13.1125"]}]},{"name":"RIS funding","award":["104790.1125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["104790.1125"]}]},{"name":"RIS funding","award":["103914.13.1122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["103914.13.1122"]}]},{"name":"Cardiff &amp; Vale University Health Board, Rehabilitation Engineering Unit (REU)","award":["104607.13.1125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["104607.13.1125"]}]},{"name":"Cardiff &amp; Vale University Health Board, Rehabilitation Engineering Unit (REU)","award":["104790.1125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["104790.1125"]}]},{"name":"Cardiff &amp; Vale University Health Board, Rehabilitation Engineering Unit (REU)","award":["103914.13.1122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["103914.13.1122"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Incorrect sitting posture, characterized by asymmetrical or uneven positioning of the body, often leads to spinal misalignment and muscle tone imbalance. The prolonged maintenance of such postures can adversely impact well-being and contribute to the development of spinal deformities and musculoskeletal disorders. In response, smart sensing chairs equipped with cutting-edge sensor technologies have been introduced as a viable solution for the real-time detection, classification, and monitoring of sitting postures, aiming to mitigate the risk of musculoskeletal disorders and promote overall health. This comprehensive literature review evaluates the current body of research on smart sensing chairs, with a specific focus on the strategies used for posture detection and classification and the effectiveness of different sensor technologies. A meticulous search across MDPI, IEEE, Google Scholar, Scopus, and PubMed databases yielded 39 pertinent studies that utilized non-invasive methods for posture monitoring. The analysis revealed that Force Sensing Resistors (FSRs) are the predominant sensors utilized for posture detection, whereas Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are the leading machine learning models for posture classification. However, it was observed that CNNs and ANNs do not outperform traditional statistical models in terms of classification accuracy due to the constrained size and lack of diversity within training datasets. These datasets often fail to comprehensively represent the array of human body shapes and musculoskeletal configurations. Moreover, this review identifies a significant gap in the evaluation of user feedback mechanisms, essential for alerting users to their sitting posture and facilitating corrective adjustments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24092940","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]],"date-time":"2024-05-06T14:26:11Z","timestamp":1715005571000},"page":"2940","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Smart Sensing Chairs for Sitting Posture Detection, Classification, and Monitoring: A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9822-1818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David Faith","family":"Odesola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computing, Engineering and Science, University of South Wales, Pontypridd CF37 1DL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9859-7786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janusz","family":"Kulon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computing, Engineering and Science, University of South Wales, Pontypridd CF37 1DL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiny","family":"Verghese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computing, Engineering and Science, University of South Wales, Pontypridd CF37 1DL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9639-8129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Partlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Engineering Unit, Artificial Limb & Appliance Service, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Treforest Industrial Estate, Pontypridd CF37 5TF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0431-8804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colin","family":"Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Engineering Unit, Artificial Limb & Appliance Service, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Treforest Industrial Estate, Pontypridd CF37 5TF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e670","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00232-1","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Burden of Other Musculoskeletal Disorders, 1990\u20132020, and Projections to 2050: A Systematic Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"5","author":"Gill","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2015.08.002","article-title":"Economic Impact of Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) on Work in Europe","volume":"29","author":"Bevan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Best Pract. 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