{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T09:10:54Z","timestamp":1769505054591,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Mobile &amp; Wireless Forum (MWF)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this presented study, we measured in situ the uplink duty cycles of a smartphone for 5G NR and 4G LTE for a total of six use cases covering voice, video, and data applications. The duty cycles were assessed at ten positions near a 4G and 5G base-station site in Belgium. For Twitch, VoLTE, and WhatsApp, the duty cycles ranged between 4% and 22% in time, both for 4G and 5G. For 5G NR, these duty cycles resulted in a higher UL-allotted time due to time division duplexing at the 3.7 GHz frequency band. Ping showed median duty cycles of 2% for 5G NR and 50% for 4G LTE. FTP upload and iPerf resulted in duty cycles close to 100%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24103012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T10:31:16Z","timestamp":1715250676000},"page":"3012","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["In Situ Assessment of Uplink Duty Cycles for 4G and 5G Wireless Communications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5309-3808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00fcnter","family":"Vermeeren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, Ghent University\/imec, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leen","family":"Verloock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, Ghent University\/imec, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7444-4312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sam","family":"Aerts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, Ghent University\/imec, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luc","family":"Martens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, Ghent University\/imec, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8807-0673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wout","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, Ghent University\/imec, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (2020). Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz). Health Phys., 118, 483.","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0000000000001210"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Federal Communications Commission (2024, January 18). 447498 Mobile and Portable Device, RF Exposure, Equipment Authorization Procedures, 1.1307, 2.1091, 2.1093, Available online: https:\/\/apps.fcc.gov\/oetcf\/kdb\/forms\/FTSSearchResultPage.cfm?switch=P&id=20676."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2020). Measurement Procedure for the Assessment of Specific Absorption Rate of Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Fields from Hand-Held and Body-Worn Wireless Communication Devices\u2014Human Models, Instrumentation and Procedures (Frequency Range of 4 MHz to 10 GHz) (Standard No. IEEE 62209-1528:2020). 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Electromagn. Compat."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2012.10.002","article-title":"Determination of the Duty Cycle of WLAN for Realistic Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure Assessment","volume":"111","author":"Joseph","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rohde & Schwarz (2022). Drive Test Software R&S\u00aeROMES4 Description of Signals, v27. Manual, Rohde & Schwarz.","DOI":"10.12968\/S2754-7744(23)70115-2"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"European Telecommunications Standards Institute (2019). LTE\u2014Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA)\u2014User Equipment (UE) Radio Access Capabilities (3GPP TS 36.306 Version 15.6.0 Release 15), European Telecommunications Standards Institute. Technical Specifications."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/10\/3012\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:42:58Z","timestamp":1760107378000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/10\/3012"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s24103012"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24103012","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]]}}}