{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T13:15:47Z","timestamp":1775913347320,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Defence"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a new multiple-input single-output voltage-mode universal filter employing four multiple-input operational transconductance amplifiers (MI-OTAs) and three grounded capacitors suitable for low-voltage low-frequency applications. The quality factor (Q) of the filter functions can be tuned by both the capacitance ratio and the transconductance ratio. The multiple inputs of the OTA are realized using the bulk-driven multiple-input MOS transistor technique. The MI-OTA-based filter can also offer many filtering functions without additional circuitry requirements, such as an inverting amplifier to generate an inverted input signal. The proposed filter can simultaneously realize low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, band-stop, and all-pass responses, covering both non-inverting and inverting transfer functions in a single topology. The natural frequency and the quality factors of all the filtering functions can be controlled independently. The natural frequency can also be electronically controlled by tuning the transconductances of the OTAs. The proposed filter uses a 1 V supply voltage, consumes 120 \u03bcW of power for a 5 \u03bcA setting current, offers 40 dB of dynamic range and has a third intermodulation distortion of \u221243.6 dB. The performances of the proposed circuit were simulated using a 0.18 \u03bcm TSMC CMOS process in the Cadence Virtuoso System Design Platform to confirm the performance of the topology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24103013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T10:31:16Z","timestamp":1715250676000},"page":"3013","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["1 V Tunable High-Quality Universal Filter Using Multiple-Input Operational Transconductance Amplifiers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1960-9081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Montree","family":"Kumngern","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Telecommunications Engineering, School of Engineering, King Mongkut\u2019s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9864-9830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabian","family":"Khateb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microelectronics, Brno University of Technology, Technick\u00e1 10, 601 90 Brno, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, n\u00e1m. S\u00edtn\u00e1 3105, 272 01 Kladno, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Brno University of Defence, Kounicova 65, 662 10 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6315-9292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Kulej","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boonying","family":"Knobnob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, Pathum Thani 12110, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1109\/MCD.1985.6311946","article-title":"Active Filter Design Using Operational Transconductance Amplifiers: A Tutorial","volume":"1","author":"Geiger","year":"1985","journal-title":"IEEE Circuits Devices Mag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1109\/31.55014","article-title":"Generation of OTA-C Filter Structures from Active RC Filter Structures","volume":"37","author":"Mohan","year":"1990","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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