{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T05:58:31Z","timestamp":1771912711387,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,11]],"date-time":"2024-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A 3D vertical seismic profiling (VSP) survey was acquired using a distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) system in the Permian Basin, West Texas. In total, 682 shot points from a pair of vibroseis units were recorded using optical fibers installed in a 9000 ft (2743 m) vertical part and 5000 ft (1524 m) horizontal reach of a well. Transmitted and reflected P, S, and converted waves were evident in the DAS data. From first-break P and S arrivals, we found average P-wave velocities of approximately 14,000 ft\/s (4570 m\/s) and S-wave velocities of 8800 ft\/s (3000 m\/s) in the deep section. We modified the conventional geophone VSP processing workflow and produced P\u2013P reflection and P\u2013S volumes derived from the well\u2019s vertical section. The Wolfcamp formation can be seen in two 3D volumes (P\u2013P and P\u2013S) from the vertical section of the well. They cover an area of 3000 ft (914 m) in the north\u2013south direction and 1500 ft (460 m) in the west\u2013east direction. Time slices showed coherent reflections, especially at 1.7 s (~11,000 ft), which was interpreted as the bottom of the Wolfcamp formation. Vp\/Vs values from 2300 ft (701 m) \u20138800 ft (2682 m) interval range were between 1.7 and 2.0. These first data provide baseline images to compare to follow-up surveys after hydraulic fracturing as well as potential usefulness in extracting elastic properties and providing further indications of fractured volumes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24103044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T11:18:17Z","timestamp":1715599097000},"page":"3044","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["3D VSP Imaging Using DAS Recording of P- and S-Waves in Vertical and Lateral Well Sections in West Texas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5288-2832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yin-Kai","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, 4300 Martin Luther King Blvd, Houston, TX 77204, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1694-9395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert R.","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, 4300 Martin Luther King Blvd, Houston, TX 77204, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"T225","DOI":"10.1190\/geo2019-0819.1","article-title":"Modeling the seismic response of individual hydraulic fracturing stages observed in a time-lapse DAS VSP survey","volume":"85","author":"Binder","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1190\/tle38020130.1","article-title":"Monitoring horizontal well hydraulic stimulations and geomechanical deformation processes in the unconventional shales of the Midland Basin using fiber-based time-lapse VSPs, microseismic, and strain data","volume":"38","author":"Hull","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lead. 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Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"22","article-title":"Comparing DAS and geophone zero-offset VSP data sets side-by-side","volume":"41","author":"Willis","year":"2016","journal-title":"CSEG Recorder"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/10\/3044\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:44:04Z","timestamp":1760107444000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/10\/3044"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,11]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s24103044"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24103044","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,11]]}}}