{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T14:53:04Z","timestamp":1777474384328,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFF0718100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFF0718100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52076145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52076145"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12304403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12304403"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202304051001034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202304051001034"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20230031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20230031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023-151"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-151"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202303021221147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202303021221147"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202203021222204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202203021222204"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202303021212224"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202303021212224"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023-ZM01C002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-ZM01C002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20222121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20222121"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20232033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20232033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202302150101017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202302150101017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2023YFF0718100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFF0718100"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["52076145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52076145"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["12304403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12304403"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["202304051001034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202304051001034"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["20230031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20230031"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2023-151"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-151"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["202303021221147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202303021221147"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["202203021222204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202203021222204"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["202303021212224"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202303021212224"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2023-ZM01C002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-ZM01C002"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["20222121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20222121"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["20232033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20232033"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["202302150101017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202302150101017"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Teams of Shanxi Province","award":["2023YFF0718100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFF0718100"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Teams of Shanxi Province","award":["52076145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52076145"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Teams of Shanxi Province","award":["12304403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12304403"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Teams of Shanxi Province","award":["202304051001034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202304051001034"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Teams of Shanxi Province","award":["20230031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20230031"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Teams of Shanxi Province","award":["2023-151"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-151"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Teams of Shanxi Province","award":["202303021221147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202303021221147"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Teams of Shanxi Province","award":["202203021222204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202203021222204"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Teams of Shanxi Province","award":["202303021212224"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202303021212224"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Teams of Shanxi Province","award":["2023-ZM01C002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-ZM01C002"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Teams of Shanxi Province","award":["20222121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20222121"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Teams of Shanxi Province","award":["20232033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20232033"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Teams of Shanxi Province","award":["202302150101017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202302150101017"]}]},{"name":"Fund Program for the Scientific Activities of Selected Returned Overseas Professionals in Shanxi Province","award":["2023YFF0718100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFF0718100"]}]},{"name":"Fund Program for the Scientific Activities of Selected Returned Overseas Professionals in Shanxi Province","award":["52076145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52076145"]}]},{"name":"Fund Program for the Scientific Activities of Selected Returned Overseas Professionals in Shanxi Province","award":["12304403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12304403"]}]},{"name":"Fund Program for the Scientific Activities of Selected Returned Overseas Professionals in Shanxi Province","award":["202304051001034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202304051001034"]}]},{"name":"Fund Program for the Scientific Activities of Selected Returned Overseas Professionals in Shanxi Province","award":["20230031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20230031"]}]},{"name":"Fund Program for the Scientific Activities of Selected Returned Overseas Professionals in Shanxi Province","award":["2023-151"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-151"]}]},{"name":"Fund Program for the Scientific Activities of Selected Returned Overseas Professionals in Shanxi Province","award":["202303021221147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202303021221147"]}]},{"name":"Fund Program for the Scientific Activities of Selected Returned Overseas Professionals in Shanxi Province","award":["202203021222204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202203021222204"]}]},{"name":"Fund Program for the Scientific Activities of Selected Returned Overseas Professionals in Shanxi Province","award":["202303021212224"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202303021212224"]}]},{"name":"Fund Program for the Scientific Activities of Selected Returned Overseas Professionals in Shanxi Province","award":["2023-ZM01C002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-ZM01C002"]}]},{"name":"Fund Program for the Scientific Activities of Selected Returned Overseas Professionals in Shanxi Province","award":["20222121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20222121"]}]},{"name":"Fund Program for the Scientific Activities of Selected Returned Overseas Professionals in Shanxi Province","award":["20232033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20232033"]}]},{"name":"Fund Program for the Scientific Activities of Selected Returned Overseas Professionals in Shanxi Province","award":["202302150101017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202302150101017"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003398","name":"Shanxi Scholarship Council of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFF0718100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFF0718100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003398","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003398","name":"Shanxi Scholarship Council of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52076145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52076145"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003398","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003398","name":"Shanxi Scholarship Council of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12304403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12304403"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003398","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003398","name":"Shanxi Scholarship Council of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202304051001034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202304051001034"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003398","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003398","name":"Shanxi Scholarship Council of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20230031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20230031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003398","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003398","name":"Shanxi Scholarship Council of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023-151"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-151"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003398","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003398","name":"Shanxi Scholarship Council of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202303021221147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202303021221147"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003398","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003398","name":"Shanxi Scholarship Council of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202203021222204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202203021222204"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003398","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003398","name":"Shanxi Scholarship Council of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202303021212224"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202303021212224"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003398","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003398","name":"Shanxi Scholarship Council of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023-ZM01C002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-ZM01C002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003398","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003398","name":"Shanxi Scholarship Council of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20222121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20222121"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003398","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003398","name":"Shanxi Scholarship Council of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20232033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20232033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003398","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003398","name":"Shanxi Scholarship Council of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202302150101017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202302150101017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003398","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province","award":["2023YFF0718100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFF0718100"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province","award":["52076145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52076145"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province","award":["12304403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12304403"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province","award":["202304051001034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202304051001034"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province","award":["20230031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20230031"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province","award":["2023-151"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-151"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province","award":["202303021221147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202303021221147"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province","award":["202203021222204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202203021222204"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province","award":["202303021212224"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202303021212224"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province","award":["2023-ZM01C002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-ZM01C002"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province","award":["20222121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20222121"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province","award":["20232033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20232033"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province","award":["202302150101017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202302150101017"]}]},{"name":"Dreams Foundation of Jianghuai Advance Technology Center","award":["2023YFF0718100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFF0718100"]}]},{"name":"Dreams Foundation of Jianghuai Advance Technology Center","award":["52076145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52076145"]}]},{"name":"Dreams Foundation of Jianghuai Advance Technology Center","award":["12304403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12304403"]}]},{"name":"Dreams Foundation of Jianghuai Advance Technology Center","award":["202304051001034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202304051001034"]}]},{"name":"Dreams Foundation of Jianghuai Advance Technology Center","award":["20230031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20230031"]}]},{"name":"Dreams Foundation of Jianghuai Advance Technology Center","award":["2023-151"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-151"]}]},{"name":"Dreams Foundation of Jianghuai Advance Technology Center","award":["202303021221147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202303021221147"]}]},{"name":"Dreams Foundation of Jianghuai Advance Technology Center","award":["202203021222204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202203021222204"]}]},{"name":"Dreams Foundation of Jianghuai Advance Technology Center","award":["202303021212224"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202303021212224"]}]},{"name":"Dreams Foundation of Jianghuai Advance Technology Center","award":["2023-ZM01C002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-ZM01C002"]}]},{"name":"Dreams Foundation of Jianghuai Advance Technology Center","award":["20222121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20222121"]}]},{"name":"Dreams Foundation of Jianghuai Advance Technology Center","award":["20232033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20232033"]}]},{"name":"Dreams Foundation of Jianghuai Advance Technology Center","award":["202302150101017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202302150101017"]}]},{"name":"Taiyuan University of Science and Technology Scientific Research Initial Funding","award":["2023YFF0718100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFF0718100"]}]},{"name":"Taiyuan University of Science and Technology Scientific Research Initial Funding","award":["52076145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52076145"]}]},{"name":"Taiyuan University of Science and Technology Scientific Research Initial Funding","award":["12304403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12304403"]}]},{"name":"Taiyuan University of Science and Technology Scientific Research Initial Funding","award":["202304051001034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202304051001034"]}]},{"name":"Taiyuan University of Science and Technology Scientific Research Initial Funding","award":["20230031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20230031"]}]},{"name":"Taiyuan University of Science and Technology Scientific Research Initial Funding","award":["2023-151"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-151"]}]},{"name":"Taiyuan University of Science and Technology Scientific Research Initial Funding","award":["202303021221147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202303021221147"]}]},{"name":"Taiyuan University of Science and Technology Scientific Research Initial Funding","award":["202203021222204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202203021222204"]}]},{"name":"Taiyuan University of Science and Technology Scientific Research Initial Funding","award":["202303021212224"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202303021212224"]}]},{"name":"Taiyuan University of Science and Technology Scientific Research Initial Funding","award":["2023-ZM01C002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-ZM01C002"]}]},{"name":"Taiyuan University of Science and Technology Scientific Research Initial Funding","award":["20222121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20222121"]}]},{"name":"Taiyuan University of Science and Technology Scientific Research Initial Funding","award":["20232033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20232033"]}]},{"name":"Taiyuan University of Science and Technology Scientific Research Initial Funding","award":["202302150101017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202302150101017"]}]},{"name":"Shanxi Province Scientific Research Initial Funding","award":["2023YFF0718100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFF0718100"]}]},{"name":"Shanxi Province Scientific Research Initial Funding","award":["52076145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52076145"]}]},{"name":"Shanxi Province Scientific Research Initial Funding","award":["12304403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12304403"]}]},{"name":"Shanxi Province Scientific Research Initial Funding","award":["202304051001034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202304051001034"]}]},{"name":"Shanxi Province Scientific Research Initial Funding","award":["20230031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20230031"]}]},{"name":"Shanxi Province Scientific Research Initial Funding","award":["2023-151"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-151"]}]},{"name":"Shanxi Province Scientific Research Initial Funding","award":["202303021221147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202303021221147"]}]},{"name":"Shanxi Province Scientific Research Initial Funding","award":["202203021222204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202203021222204"]}]},{"name":"Shanxi Province Scientific Research Initial Funding","award":["202303021212224"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202303021212224"]}]},{"name":"Shanxi Province Scientific Research Initial Funding","award":["2023-ZM01C002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-ZM01C002"]}]},{"name":"Shanxi Province Scientific Research Initial Funding","award":["20222121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20222121"]}]},{"name":"Shanxi Province Scientific Research Initial Funding","award":["20232033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20232033"]}]},{"name":"Shanxi Province Scientific Research Initial Funding","award":["202302150101017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202302150101017"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Shanxi Province of China","award":["2023YFF0718100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFF0718100"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Shanxi Province of China","award":["52076145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52076145"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Shanxi Province of China","award":["12304403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12304403"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Shanxi Province of China","award":["202304051001034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202304051001034"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Shanxi Province of China","award":["20230031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20230031"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Shanxi Province of China","award":["2023-151"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-151"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Shanxi Province of China","award":["202303021221147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202303021221147"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Shanxi Province of China","award":["202203021222204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202203021222204"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Shanxi Province of China","award":["202303021212224"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202303021212224"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Shanxi Province of China","award":["2023-ZM01C002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-ZM01C002"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Shanxi Province of China","award":["20222121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20222121"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Shanxi Province of China","award":["20232033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20232033"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Shanxi Province of China","award":["202302150101017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202302150101017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Thin copper plate is widely used in architecture, transportation, heavy equipment, and integrated circuit substrates due to its unique properties. However, it is challenging to identify surface defects in copper strips arising from various manufacturing stages without direct contact. A laser ultrasonic inspection system was developed based on the Lamb wave (LW) produced by a laser pulse. An all-fiber laser heterodyne interferometer is applied for measuring the ultrasonic signal in combination with an automatic scanning system, which makes the system flexible and compact. A 3-D model simulation of an H62 brass specimen was carried out to determine the LW spatial-temporal wavefield by using the COMSOL Multiphysics software. The characteristics of the ultrasonic wavefield were extracted through continuous wavelet transform analysis. This demonstrates that the A0 mode could be used in defect detection due to its slow speed and vibrational direction. Furthermore, an ultrasonic wave at the center frequency of 370 kHz with maximum energy is suitable for defect detection. In the experiment, the size and location of the defect are determined by the time difference of the transmitted wave and reflected wave, respectively. The relative error of the defect position is 0.14% by averaging six different receiving spots. The width of the defect is linear to the time difference of the transmitted wave. The goodness of fit can reach 0.989, and it is in good agreement with the simulated one. The experimental error is less than 0.395 mm for a 5 mm width of defect. Therefore, this validates that the technique can be potentially utilized in the remote defect detection of thin copper plates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24103103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T06:28:12Z","timestamp":1715668092000},"page":"3103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Thin Copper Plate Defect Detection Based on Lamb Wave Generated by Pulsed Laser in Combination with Laser Heterodyne Interference Technique"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Xinhao","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhaojiong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Measurement and Online Detection Equipment, Shanxi Center of Technology Innovation for Light Manipulations and Applications, School of Applied Science, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guqing","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Measurement and Online Detection Equipment, Shanxi Center of Technology Innovation for Light Manipulations and Applications, School of Applied Science, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6460-7336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaocong","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Measurement and Online Detection Equipment, Shanxi Center of Technology Innovation for Light Manipulations and Applications, School of Applied Science, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Measurement and Online Detection Equipment, Shanxi Center of Technology Innovation for Light Manipulations and Applications, School of Applied Science, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yali","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Measurement and Online Detection Equipment, Shanxi Center of Technology Innovation for Light Manipulations and Applications, School of Applied Science, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yueting","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Measurement and Online Detection Equipment, Shanxi Center of Technology Innovation for Light Manipulations and Applications, School of Applied Science, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4271-4648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuanbing","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Measurement and Online Detection Equipment, Shanxi Center of Technology Innovation for Light Manipulations and Applications, School of Applied Science, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaohu","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Measurement and Online Detection Equipment, Shanxi Center of Technology Innovation for Light Manipulations and Applications, School of Applied Science, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huiqin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0932-432X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christa","family":"Fittschen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS, UMR 8522-PC2A\u2014Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l\u2019Atmosph\u00e8re, Universit\u00e9 Lille, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4831-7130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuanliang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Measurement and Online Detection Equipment, Shanxi Center of Technology Innovation for Light Manipulations and Applications, School of Applied Science, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2022.143283","article-title":"High strength and high electrical conductivity C70250 copper alloy with fibrous structure reinforced by high density, multi-scale nano-precipitates and dislocation","volume":"846","author":"Liao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2017.07.046","article-title":"Patterns and challenges in the copper industry in China","volume":"127","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"117","article-title":"Influence factors analysis for the next 20 years of Chinese copper resources demand","volume":"734","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2020.140521","article-title":"Effect of two-step cryorolling and aging on mechanical and electrical properties of a Cu\u2013Cr\u2013Ni\u2013Si alloy for lead frames applications","volume":"809","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2022.08.037","article-title":"Producing large-scale industrially applicable high-precision copper strips by continuous extrusion with a novel U-shaped die","volume":"82","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Process."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, X.-L., Dong, S.-Y., Xu, B.-S., and Cao, Y. (2018). Progress and challenges of ultrasonic testing for stress in remanufacturing laser cladding coating. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201801.0071.v1"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2007.07.004","article-title":"On the evaluation of residual stresses in bi-layer materials using the bent strip method","volume":"202","author":"Sanderson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2016.12.021","article-title":"Measurement of residual stress in arc welded lap joints by cos\u03b1 X-ray diffraction method","volume":"243","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2017.09.050","article-title":"Studies on laws of stress-magnetization based on magnetic memory testing technique","volume":"449","author":"Ren","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2006.03.004","article-title":"Relationship between Rayleigh wave polarization and state of stress","volume":"44","author":"Junge","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2017.01.041","article-title":"Integrated stress measurement system in tower crane mast","volume":"102","author":"Lalik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2017.11.015","article-title":"Mid-infrared pulsed laser ultrasonic testing for carbon fiber reinforced plastics","volume":"84","author":"Kusano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2571","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-018-3046-y","article-title":"Laser ultrasonic inspection of additive manufactured components","volume":"102","author":"Davis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2015.04.026","article-title":"Application of laser ultrasonic technique for non-contact detection of structural surface-breaking cracks","volume":"73","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/26\/3\/001","article-title":"Laser-generated ultrasound: Its properties, mechanisms and multifarious applications","volume":"26","author":"Davies","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2006.01.020","article-title":"Guided Lamb waves for identification of damage in composite structures: A review","volume":"295","author":"Su","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1007\/s10443-011-9247-2","article-title":"Enhanced composites integrity through structural health monitoring","volume":"19","author":"Giurgiutiu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"053001","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/25\/5\/053001","article-title":"Guided wave based structural health monitoring: A review","volume":"25","author":"Mitra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2005.11.014","article-title":"Non-destructive testing of plates based on the visualisation of Lamb waves by double-pulsed TV holography","volume":"20","author":"Cernadas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/S0963-8695(00)00007-4","article-title":"Radome health monitoring with Lamb waves: Experimental approach","volume":"33","author":"Bourasseau","year":"2000","journal-title":"NDTE Int."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/18\/3\/024","article-title":"Fatigue crack detection in metallic structures with Lamb waves and 3D laser vibrometry","volume":"18","author":"Staszewski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2007.09.006","article-title":"Nonlinear Lamb waves for the detection of material nonlinearity","volume":"22","author":"Bermes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2010.06.002","article-title":"Rapid localization of damage using a circular sensor array and Lamb wave based triangulation","volume":"24","author":"Giridhara","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1063\/1.98793","article-title":"Estimation of the thickness of thin metal sheet using laser generated ultrasound","volume":"51","author":"Dewhurst","year":"1987","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-624X(96)00107-2","article-title":"Broadband Lamb wave measurements in aluminium and carbon\/glass fibre reinforced composite materials using non-contacting laser generation and detection","volume":"35","author":"Pierce","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2010.05.002","article-title":"Detection of cracks in metal sheets using pulsed laser generated ultrasound and EMAT detection","volume":"51","author":"Dixon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2011.07.011","article-title":"Long distance laser ultrasonic propagation imaging system for damage visualization","volume":"49","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2010.07.008","article-title":"Laser ultrasonic propagation imaging method in the frequency domain based on wavelet transformation","volume":"49","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2007.10.008","article-title":"In situ 2-D piezoelectric wafer active sensors arrays for guided wave damage detection","volume":"48","author":"Yu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2005.1428048","article-title":"Omnidirectional guided wave inspection of large metallic plate structures using an EMAT array","volume":"52","author":"Wilcox","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045014","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/24\/4\/045014","article-title":"Baseline-free delamination inspection in composite plates by synthesizing non-contact air-coupled Lamb wave scan method and virtual time reversal algorithm","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2005.07.014","article-title":"Development of smart composite structures with small-diameter fiber Bragg grating sensors for damage detection: Quantitative evaluation of delamination length in CFRP laminates using Lamb wave sensing","volume":"65","author":"Takeda","year":"2005","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2018.03.023","article-title":"Non-contact and non-destructive Lamb wave generation using laser-induced plasma shock wave","volume":"140","author":"Hosoya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2021.108125","article-title":"Grain size distribution characterization of aluminum with a particle swarm optimization neural network using laser ultrasonics","volume":"180","author":"Xue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1378348","article-title":"Effectiveness of the continuous wavelet transform in the analysis of some dispersive elastic waves","volume":"110","author":"Kim","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2015.07.004","article-title":"Inspection of notch depths in thin structures using transmission coefficients of laser-generated Lamb waves","volume":"63","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, B., Wang, M., Li, P., Cheng, Q., and Sheng, Y. (2020). Application of instantaneous parameter characteristic in active lamb wave based monitoring of plate structural health. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10165664"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.3103\/S0967091219040065","article-title":"Cohen\u2019s class time-frequency distributions for measurement signals as a means of monitoring technological processes","volume":"49","author":"Fedosenkov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Steel Transl."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s13349-017-0206-y","article-title":"Combined wavelet\u2013Hilbert transform-based modal identification of road bridge using vehicular excitation","volume":"7","author":"Mahato","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Civ. Struct. Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1142\/S1793536909000047","article-title":"Ensemble empirical mode decomposition: A noise-assisted data analysis method","volume":"1","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Adapt. Data Anal."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035012","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/22\/3\/035012","article-title":"A Bayesian approach for damage localization in plate-like structures using Lamb waves","volume":"22","author":"Yan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1590\/S1679-78252014001000004","article-title":"Finite element simulation of laser generated ultrasound waves in aluminum plates","volume":"11","author":"Soltani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lat. Am. J. Solids Struct."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1007\/s12648-009-0142-8","article-title":"Laser-induced circumferential waves on hollow cylinder and their interaction with defects by finite element method","volume":"83","author":"Zhao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2018.11.105","article-title":"Research on laser-generated Rayleigh waves with angled surface crack by finite element method","volume":"181","author":"Zeng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2008.07.004","article-title":"Electromagnetic acoustic transducers for in-and out-of plane ultrasonic wave detection","volume":"148","author":"Jian","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2018.07.039","article-title":"Parameterised time-frequency analysis methods and their engineering applications: A review of recent advances","volume":"119","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2007.02.017","article-title":"Optical heterodyne grating interferometry for displacement measurement with subnanometric resolution","volume":"137","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045305","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/19\/4\/045305","article-title":"Optical heterodyne laser encoder with sub-nanometer resolution","volume":"19","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Das, S., Schill, A., Liu, C.-H., Aglyamov, S., and Larin, K.V. (2020). Laser-induced elastic wave classification: Thermoelastic versus ablative regimes for all-optical elastography applications. J. Biomed. Opt., 25.","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.25.3.035004"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.24.000853","article-title":"Coherent \u03a6-OTDR based on I\/Q demodulation and homodyne detection","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6800908","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2014.2306835","article-title":"Vector Brillouin optical time-domain analysis with heterodyne detection and IQ demodulation algorithm","volume":"6","author":"Tu","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2022.109010","article-title":"Sign coherence factor-based search algorithm for defect localization with laser generated Lamb waves","volume":"173","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/10\/3103\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:41:59Z","timestamp":1760107319000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/10\/3103"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s24103103"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24103103","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]]}}}