{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T15:47:14Z","timestamp":1784389634232,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multistatic synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is a special mode of SAR system. The radar transmitter and receiver are located on different satellites, which brings many advantages, such as flexible baseline configuration, diverse receiving modes, and more detailed ground object classification information. The multistatic SAR has been widely used in interferometry, moving target detection, three-dimensional imaging, and other fields. The frequency offset between different oscillators will cause a modulation phase error in the signal. Therefore, phase synchronization is one of the most critical problems to be addressed in distributed SAR systems. This article reviews phase synchronization techniques, which are mainly divided into two methods: synchronization by direct microwave link and synchronization by a data-based estimation algorithm. Furthermore, the future development of synchronization technology is anticipated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24103122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T10:26:36Z","timestamp":1715682396000},"page":"3122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Review on Phase Synchronization Methods for Spaceborne Multistatic Synthetic Aperture Radar"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5148-0328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiang","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Space Microwave Remote Sensing System, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiqiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Space Microwave Remote Sensing System, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7803-6084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weidong","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Space Microwave Remote Sensing System, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1109\/MGRS.2013.2248301","article-title":"A Tutorial on Synthetic Aperture Radar","volume":"1","author":"Moreira","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Mag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3395","DOI":"10.1080\/014311600750037453","article-title":"Spaceborne Bistatic Synthetic Aperture Radar for Remote Sensing Applications","volume":"21","author":"Moccia","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3317","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2007.900693","article-title":"TanDEM-X: A Satellite Formation for High-Resolution SAR Interferometry","volume":"45","author":"Krieger","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1049\/ip-rsn:20045111","article-title":"Spaceborne Bi- and Multistatic SAR: Potential and Challenges","volume":"153","author":"Krieger","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEE Proc.-Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2009.2038948","article-title":"Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Missions Employing Formation Flying","volume":"98","author":"Krieger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Canavan, G., Thompson, D., and Bekey, I. (1996). Air and Space Power for the 21st Century, United States Air Force."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Winter, J.E., and Anderson, N.C. (2003, January 8\u201315). Distributed Aperture Implementation on the Techsat 21 Satellites. Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings, Big Sky, MT, USA."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1109\/36.911109","article-title":"Capabilities and Limitations of the Interferometric Cartwheel","volume":"39","author":"Massonnet","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160118952","article-title":"The Interferometric Cartwheel: A Constellation of Passive Satellites to Produce Radar Images to Be Coherently Combined","volume":"22","author":"Massonnet","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Moreira, A., Krieger, G., Hajnsek, I., Hounam, D., Werner, M., Riegger, S., and Settelmeyer, E. (2004, January 20\u201324). TanDEM-X: A terraSAR-X Add-on Satellite for Single-Pass SAR Interferometry. Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2004), Anchorage, AK, USA."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"2403","article-title":"Key Technologies of TH-2 Satellite System","volume":"51","author":"Lou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Geod. Cartogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2019.2948219","article-title":"An Advanced Phase Synchronization Scheme for LT-1","volume":"58","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2019.2952475","article-title":"A High-Accuracy Synchronization Phase-Compensation Method Based on Kalman Filter for Bistatic Synthetic Aperture Radar","volume":"17","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiao, Y., Liang, D., Liu, K., Chen, Y., Wang, H., and Wang, R. (2020). The Synchronization Transceiver Design and Experimental Verification for the LuTan-1 SAR Satellite. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20051463"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1109\/MGRS.2015.2437353","article-title":"Tandem-L: A Highly Innovative Bistatic SAR Mission for Global Observation of Dynamic Processes on the Earth\u2019s Surface","volume":"3","author":"Moreira","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Mag."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4792","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2018.2837673","article-title":"Tandem-L: A Technical Perspective on Future Spaceborne SAR Sensors for Earth Observation","volume":"56","author":"Huber","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krieger, G., Zonno, M., Rodriguez-Cassola, M., Lopez-Dekker, P., Mittermayer, J., Younis, M., Huber, S., Villano, M., De Almeida, F.Q., and Prats-Iraola, P. (2017, January 23\u201328). MirrorSAR: A Fractionated Space Radar for Bistatic, Multistatic and High-Resolution Wide-Swath SAR Imaging. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Fort Worth, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2017.8126916"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Krieger, G., Zonno, M., Mittermayer, J., Moreira, A., Huber, S., and Rodriguez-Cassola, M. (2018, January 4\u20137). MirrorSAR: A Fractionated Space Transponder Concept for the Implementation of Low-Cost Multistatic SAR Missions. Proceedings of the 12th European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar (EUSAR 2018), Aachen, Germany."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giardino, G.A., Pasquali, P., Boncori, J.P.M., Rosello, J., and Buck, C. (2017, January 23\u201328). Analysis of Bistatic Tomography for SAOCOM-CS and Sentinel-1 CS Missions. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Fort Worth, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2017.8127496"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scipal, K., and Davidson, M. (2017, January 23\u201328). The SAOCOM-CS Mission: ESA\u2019s First Bistatic and Tomographic L-Band Mission. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Fort Worth, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2017.8126909"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rott, H., Lopez-Dekker, P., Solberg, S., Ulander, L., Nagler, T., Krieger, G., Prats, P., Rodriguez, M., Zonno, M., and Moreira, A. (2017, January 23\u201328). SESAME: A Single-Pass Interferometric SEntinel-1 Companion SAR Mission for Monitoring GEO- and Biosphere Dynamics. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Fort Worth, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2017.8126905"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopez-Dekker, P., Rott, H., Prats-Iraola, P., Chapron, B., Scipal, K., and Witte, E.D. (August, January 28). Harmony: An Earth Explorer 10 Mission Candidate to Observe Land, Ice, and Ocean Surface Dynamics. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2019), Yokohama, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2019.8897983"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2080","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2014.2319177","article-title":"Digital Elevation Model Reconstruction in Multichannel Spaceborne\/Stationary SAR Interferometry","volume":"11","author":"Shao","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2015.2467176","article-title":"First Bistatic Demonstration of Digital Beamforming in Elevation with TerraSAR-X as an Illuminator","volume":"54","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-6180-2013-98","article-title":"GNSS-Based Bistatic SAR: A Signal Processing View","volume":"2013","author":"Antoniou","year":"2013","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2014.2337054","article-title":"Point Spread Function Analysis for GNSS-Based Multistatic SAR","volume":"12","author":"Santi","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, W., Zhang, T., Zeng, T., Hu, C., and Long, T. (2014, January 19\u201323). Space-Surface BiSAR Based on GNSS Signal: Synchronization, Imaging and Experiment Result. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Radar Conference, Cincinnati, OH, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/RADAR.2014.6875645"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4668","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2019.1569790","article-title":"GNSS-Based SAR for Urban Area Imaging: Topology Optimization and Experimental Confirmation","volume":"40","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2006.874163","article-title":"Performance Prediction of a Phase Synchronization Link for Bistatic SAR","volume":"3","author":"Younis","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Krieger, G., Cassola, M.R., Younis, M., and Metzig, R. (2005, January 29\u201329). Impact of Oscillator Noise in Bistatic and Multistatic SAR. Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS \u201905), Seoul, Republic of Korea."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Younis, M., Metzig, R., Krieger, G., Bachmann, M., and Klein, R. (2007, January 23\u201328). Performance Prediction and Verification for the Synchronization Link of TanDEM-X. Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2007.4424035"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3459","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2008.923322","article-title":"Phase Synchronization and Doppler Centroid Estimation in Fixed Receiver Bistatic SAR Systems","volume":"46","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. REMOTE Sens."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breit, H., Younis, M., Balss, U., Niedermeier, A., Grigorov, C., Hueso-Gonzalez, J., Krieger, G., Eineder, M., and Fritz, T. (2011, January 24\u201329). Bistatic Synchronization and Processing of TanDEM-X Data. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2011.6049700"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2010.2047490","article-title":"Antenna Directing Synchronization for Bistatic Synthetic Aperture Radar Systems","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, F., Wang, R., Zhang, Z., Lu, P., and Balz, T. (2016). Integrated Time and Phase Synchronization Strategy for a Multichannel Spaceborne-Stationary Bistatic SAR System. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8080628"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2006.874164","article-title":"Impact of Oscillator Noise in Bistatic and Multistatic SAR","volume":"3","author":"Krieger","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2003.1238748","article-title":"Attitude and Antenna Pointing Design of Bistatic Radar Formations","volume":"39","author":"Moccia","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Weiss, M. (2004, January 20\u201324). Synchronisation of Bistatic Radar Systems. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS \u201904), Anchorage, AK, USA."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Eineder, M. (2003, January 21\u201325). Ocillator Clock Drift Compensation in Bistatic Interferometric SAR. Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003), Toulouse, France."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filho, E.R.S., and Cassola, M.R. (2022, January 17\u201322). Experimental Evaluation of GNSS-Based Frequency Synchronization for SAR Applications. Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2022), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS46834.2022.9883501"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.1971.5570702","article-title":"Characterization of Frequency Stability","volume":"IM\u201320","author":"Barnes","year":"1971","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1978.11080","article-title":"Characterization of Phase and Frequency Instabilities in Precision Frequency Sources: Fifteen Years of Progress","volume":"66","author":"Rutman","year":"1978","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Schmidt, M., and Schilling, K. (2013). Distributed Space Missions for Earth System Monitoring, Springer."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2013.03.008","article-title":"TanDEM-X: A Radar Interferometer with Two Formation-Flying Satellites","volume":"89","author":"Krieger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2009.2030673","article-title":"TerraSAR-X Instrument Calibration Results and Extension for TanDEM-X","volume":"48","author":"Brautigam","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Weigt, M., Grigorov, C., Steinbrecher, U., and Schulze, D. (2014, January 3\u20135). TanDEM-X Mission: Long Term in Orbit Synchronisation Link Performance Analysis. Proceedings of the 10th European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar (EUSAR 2014), Berlin, Germany."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinheiro, M., Rodriguez-Cassola, M., Prats-Iraola, P., Krieger, G., Reigber, A., and Moreira, A. (2013, January 21\u201326). Reconstruction of Missing Data in Interferometric SAR Systems. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Melbourne, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2013.6723220"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2014.2350255","article-title":"Reconstruction of Coherent Pairs of Synthetic Aperture Radar Data Acquired in Interrupted Mode","volume":"53","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, D., Liu, K., Yue, H., Chen, Y., Deng, Y., Zhang, H., Li, C., Jin, G., and Wang, R. (August, January 28). An Advanced Non-Interrupted Synchronization Scheme for Bistatic Synthetic Aperture Radar. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2019), Yokohama, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2019.8900103"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5740","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2020.3024561","article-title":"The Processing Framework and Experimental Verification for the Noninterrupted Synchronization Scheme of LuTan-1","volume":"59","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, D., Zhang, H., Liu, K., and Wang, R. (2020, January 5\u20138). The Processing Of Synchronization In Bistatic Synthetic Aperture Radar. Proceedings of the 2020 21st International Radar Symposium (IRS), Warsaw, Poland.","DOI":"10.23919\/IRS48640.2020.9253778"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Liang, D., Liua, K., Zhang, H., Liu, D., and Wang, R. (April, January 29). An Advanced Non-Interrupted Phase Synchronization Scheme with Internal Calibration for LuTan-1. Proceedings of the 13th European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar (EUSAR 2021), Online."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2590","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2019.2952471","article-title":"First Demonstration of Multipath Effects on Phase Synchronization Scheme for LT-1","volume":"58","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2011.2176714","article-title":"Echo-Domain Phase Synchronization Algorithm for Bistatic SAR in Alternating Bistatic\/Ping\u2013Pong Mode","volume":"9","author":"He","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEE.2013.00049","article-title":"Phase Synchronization Processing Method for Alternating Bistatic Mode in Distributed SAR","volume":"24","author":"He","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Syst. Eng. Electron."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Cassola, M., Prats, P., Lopez-Dekker, P., Krieger, G., and Moreira, A. (2010, January 7\u201310). General Processing Approach for Bistatic SAR Systems: Description and Performance Analysis. Proceedings of the 8th European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar, Aachen, Germany."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Mancill, C., and Swiger, J. (1981, January 23\u201325). A Map Drift Autofocus Technique for Correcting High Order SAR Phase Error. Proceedings of the 27th Annual Tri-Service Radar Symposium Record, Monterey, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1109\/62.544023","article-title":"P-3 Ultra-Wideband SAR: Description and Examples","volume":"11","author":"Sheen","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Aerosp. Electron. Syst. Mag."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1109\/5.838084","article-title":"Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry","volume":"88","author":"Rosen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1109\/7.303752","article-title":"Phase Gradient Autofocus-a Robust Tool for High Resolution SAR Phase Correction","volume":"30","author":"Wahl","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Cassola, M., Prats-Iraola, P., L\u00f3pez-Dekker, P., Reigber, A., Krieger, G., and Moreira, A. (2014, January 2\u20136). Autonomous Time and Phase Calibration of Spaceborne Bistatic SAR Systems. Proceedings of the 10th European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar (EUSAR 2014), Berlin, Germany."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Prats, P., Mallorqui, J.J., and Broquetas, A. (2003, January 21\u201325). Calibration of Interferometric Airborne SAR Images Using a Multisquint Processing Approach. Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003), Toulouse, France."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1049\/el:20010724","article-title":"Correction of Residual Motion Errors in Airborne SAR Interferometry","volume":"37","author":"Reigber","year":"2001","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2003.814140","article-title":"Estimation of Azimuth Phase Undulations with Multisquint Processing in Airborne Interferometric Sar Images","volume":"41","author":"Prats","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Posa, F. (2004). Remote Sensing of Clouds and the Atmosphere VIII: 9\u201312 September 2003, Barcelona, Spain (Proceedings of Spie), SPIE."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2005.860482","article-title":"Refined Estimation of Time-Varying Baseline Errors in Airborne SAR Interferometry","volume":"3","author":"Reigber","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2017.2779852","article-title":"Estimation of Residual Motion Errors in Airborne SAR Interferometry Based on Time-Domain Backprojection and Multisquint Techniques","volume":"56","author":"Cao","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3611","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2018.2805471","article-title":"A Multisquint Framework for Change Detection in High-Resolution Multitemporal SAR Images","volume":"56","author":"Meier","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Dominguez, M., Frioud, M., Small, D., and Henke, D. (2018, January 5\u20137). Range Adaptive Processing and Multisquint Processing Mode for SAR Image Change Detection. Proceedings of the 12th European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar (EUSAR 2018), Aachen, Germany."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2019.2936569","article-title":"Potential for Absolute Ionosphere and Clock Correction in Noncooperative Bistatic SAR","volume":"58","author":"Azcueta","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Cassola, M., Silva Filho, E.R., Prats, P., Krieger, G., and Moreira, A. (2023, January 16\u201321). A Robust Data-Based Clock Synchronisation Algorithm for Multi-Channel SAR Systems. Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2023), Pasadena, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS52108.2023.10281983"},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Cantalloube, H., Wendler, M., Giroux, V., Dubois-Fernandez, P., and Krieger, G. (2004, January 25\u201327). Challenges in SAR Processing for Airborne Bistatic Acquisitions. Proceedings of the European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar (EUSAR), Ulm, Germany."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2011.2158984","article-title":"First Bistatic Spaceborne SAR Experiments with TanDEM-X","volume":"9","author":"Prats","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Rodrigues-Silva, E., and Rodriguez-Cassola, M. (April, January 29). Analysis of a POD-Based Approach for Phase and Time Synchronization of Bistatic and Multistatic SAR Systems. Proceedings of the 13th European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar (EUSAR 2021), Online."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"1","article-title":"MirrorSAR: An HRWS Add-On for Single-Pass Multi-Baseline SAR Interferometry","volume":"60","author":"Mittermayer","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Ustalli, N., Krieger, G., Mittermayer, J., Villano, M., and Waldschmidt, C. (2022, January 27\u201329). MirrorSAR Concept: Phase Synchronization Analysis. Proceedings of the 2022 Kleinheubach Conference, Miltenberg, Germany."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ustalli, N., Villano, M., Krieger, G., and Mittermayer, J. (2023, January 23\u201327). A Phase Synchronization Technique for Multistatic SAR Systems Based on a Microwave Link. Proceedings of the 2023 8th Asia-Pacific Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar (APSAR), Bali Island, Indonesia.","DOI":"10.1109\/APSAR58496.2023.10389018"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2019.2962574","article-title":"ConGaLSAR: A Constellation of Geostationary and Low Earth Orbit Synthetic Aperture Radar","volume":"17","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/10\/3122\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:42:19Z","timestamp":1760107339000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/10\/3122"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s24103122"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24103122","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]]}}}