{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T10:28:56Z","timestamp":1777372136818,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]],"date-time":"2024-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Early diagnosis and treatment of late-onset sepsis (LOS) is crucial for survival, but challenging. Intestinal microbiota and metabolome alterations precede the clinical onset of LOS, and the preterm gut is considered an important source of bacterial pathogens. Fecal volatile organic compounds (VOCs), formed by physiologic and pathophysiologic metabolic processes in the preterm gut, reflect a complex interplay between the human host, the environment, and microbiota. Disease-associated fecal VOCs can be detected with an array of devices with various potential for the development of a point-of-care test (POCT) for preclinical LOS detection. While characteristic VOCs for common LOS pathogens have been described, their VOC profiles often overlap with other pathogens due to similarities in metabolic pathways, hampering the construction of species-specific profiles. Clinical studies have, however, successfully discriminated LOS patients from healthy individuals using fecal VOC analysis with the highest predictive value for Gram-negative pathogens. This review discusses the current advancements in the development of a non-invasive fecal VOC-based POCT for early diagnosis of LOS, which may potentially provide opportunities for early intervention and targeted treatment and could improve clinical neonatal outcomes. Identification of confounding variables impacting VOC synthesis, selection of an optimal detection device, and development of standardized sampling protocols will allow for the development of a novel POCT in the near future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24103162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]],"date-time":"2024-05-16T06:44:31Z","timestamp":1715841871000},"page":"3162","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Potential of Fecal Volatile Organic Compound Analysis for the Early Diagnosis of Late-Onset Sepsis in Preterm Infants: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Rimke R.","family":"de Kroon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Emma Children\u2019s Hospital, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3568-863X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina M.","family":"Frerichs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Emma Children\u2019s Hospital, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eduard A.","family":"Struys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location AMC, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nanne K.","family":"de Boer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tim G. J.","family":"de Meij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Emma Children\u2019s Hospital, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0844-7208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hendrik J.","family":"Niemarkt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Maxima Medisch Centrum, De Run 4600, 5504 DB Veldhoven, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, TU Eindhoven, Eindhoven University of Technology, Postbus 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00496-5","article-title":"Global, regional, and national causes of death in children and adolescents younger than 20 years: An open data portal with estimates for 2000\u20132021","volume":"12","author":"Villavicencio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. 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