{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T15:22:05Z","timestamp":1780413725914,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]],"date-time":"2024-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Technology\u2014Iraq fellowship development program","award":["184\/216-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["184\/216-1"]}]},{"name":"University of Technology\u2014Iraq fellowship development program","award":["RI 1511\/3-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RI 1511\/3-1"]}]},{"name":"DFG Device Center Grant INST","award":["184\/216-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["184\/216-1"]}]},{"name":"DFG Device Center Grant INST","award":["RI 1511\/3-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RI 1511\/3-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Participant movement is a major source of artifacts in functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) experiments. Mitigating the impact of motion artifacts (MAs) is crucial to estimate brain activity robustly. Here, we suggest and evaluate a novel application of the nonlinear Hammerstein\u2013Wiener model to estimate and mitigate MAs in fNIRS signals from direct-movement recordings through IMU sensors mounted on the participant\u2019s head (head-IMU) and the fNIRS probe (probe-IMU). To this end, we analyzed the hemodynamic responses of single-channel oxyhemoglobin (HbO) and deoxyhemoglobin (HbR) signals from 17 participants who performed a hand tapping task with different levels of concurrent head movement. Additionally, the tapping task was performed without head movements to estimate the ground-truth brain activation. We compared the performance of our novel approach with the probe-IMU and head-IMU to eight established methods (PCA, tPCA, spline, spline Savitzky\u2013Golay, wavelet, CBSI, RLOESS, and WCBSI) on four quality metrics: SNR, \u25b3AUC, RMSE, and R. Our proposed nonlinear Hammerstein\u2013Wiener method achieved the best SNR increase (p &lt; 0.001) among all methods. Visual inspection revealed that our approach mitigated MA contaminations that other techniques could not remove effectively. MA correction quality was comparable with head- and probe-IMUs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24103173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]],"date-time":"2024-05-16T09:30:03Z","timestamp":1715851803000},"page":"3173","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Hammerstein\u2013Wiener Motion Artifact Correction for Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy: A Novel Inertial Measurement Unit-Based Technique"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1637-263X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hayder R.","family":"Al-Omairi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Neurocognitive Psychology Lab, Carl von Ossietzky Universit\u00e4t Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology\u2014Iraq, Baghdad 10066, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5893-2527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arkan","family":"AL-Zubaidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Neurocognitive Psychology Lab, Carl von Ossietzky Universit\u00e4t Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany"},{"name":"Cluster of Excellence Hearing4all, Carl von Ossietzky Universit\u00e4t Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3553-5131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Fudickar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistance Systems and Medical Device Technology, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Medical Informatics, University of L\u00fcbeck, 23562 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8846-2282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Hein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistance Systems and Medical Device Technology, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0955-2306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jochem W.","family":"Rieger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Neurocognitive Psychology Lab, Carl von Ossietzky Universit\u00e4t Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany"},{"name":"Cluster of Excellence Hearing4all, Carl von Ossietzky Universit\u00e4t Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.10.069","article-title":"A Quantitative Comparison of NIRS and FMRI across Multiple Cognitive Tasks","volume":"54","author":"Cui","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D280","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.48.00D280","article-title":"HomER: A Review of Time-Series Analysis Methods for near-Infrared Spectroscopy of the Brain","volume":"48","author":"Huppert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. 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