{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T13:09:37Z","timestamp":1780578577072,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]],"date-time":"2024-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62265013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62265013"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62265014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62265014"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62005134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62005134"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021GG0274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021GG0274"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021BS06002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021BS06002"]}]},{"name":"Key Technology Research projects in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["62265013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62265013"]}]},{"name":"Key Technology Research projects in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["62265014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62265014"]}]},{"name":"Key Technology Research projects in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["62005134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62005134"]}]},{"name":"Key Technology Research projects in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["2021GG0274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021GG0274"]}]},{"name":"Key Technology Research projects in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["2021BS06002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021BS06002"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China","award":["62265013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62265013"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China","award":["62265014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62265014"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China","award":["62005134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62005134"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China","award":["2021GG0274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021GG0274"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China","award":["2021BS06002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021BS06002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The U-shaped fiber configuration represents the elementary form of micro-displacement sensing, characterized by its exceptional freedom and flexibility. The study proposes the U-shaped bent single-mode\u2013multimode\u2013single-mode (SMS) fiber structure that integrates the multimode interference (MMI) effect for enhanced mode dispersion and the Mach\u2013Z\u00f6nder interference (MZI) effect for spectral sensitivity improvement. The transmission spectral properties of the U-shaped SMS fiber structure with a bent radius over 1 cm are experimentally measured as the change in displacement varied within the range of 5 mm in this work. As the radius decreases, the spectrum shows redshift, which is related to the central wavelength of the peak or dips\u2014a smaller wavelength results in a stronger redshift for the same displacement change. The average sensitivity of micro-displacement measurement within a range of 5 mm is 5.41 pm\/\u03bcm, and the linearity is 99.62%. The maximum sensitivity of U-shaped SMS fiber structure is 34.46 pm\/\u03bcm, with the minimum displacement change of approximately 5.804 nm. The transmission spectral properties of the U-shaped SMS fiber structure within the ranges of 50 \u03bcm, 500 \u03bcm, and 5 mm are experimentally measured in this work. This experiment observed a relatively uniform spectral drift pattern in a large range of micro-displacement sensing. The measurement range is limited by the limited spectral range of the light source and the discontinuous variation in the effective refractive index. This provides an experimental reference for further understanding the characteristics of U-shaped fiber structures and applying its application in micro-displacement sensing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24103184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]],"date-time":"2024-05-17T04:26:29Z","timestamp":1715919989000},"page":"3184","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Spectral Characteristics and Displacement Sensing of U-Shaped Single-Mode\u2013Multimode\u2013Single-Mode Fiber Structure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Chuan","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuening","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaqi","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2871-1712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaolei","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yofte.2017.12.008","article-title":"Theoretical and experimental study on fiber-optic displacement sensor with bowknot bending modulation","volume":"41","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. 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