{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T11:25:36Z","timestamp":1770895536749,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]],"date-time":"2024-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007847","name":"Jilin Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SKL202302022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKL202302022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007847","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007847","name":"Jilin Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62375262"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62375262"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007847","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007847","name":"Jilin Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFF0714700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFF0714700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007847","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007847","name":"Jilin Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019QZKK020802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK020802"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007847","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007847","name":"Jilin Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["QT202106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QT202106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007847","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007847","name":"Jilin Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20210201026GX"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210201026GX"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007847","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007847","name":"Jilin Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20210204188YY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210204188YY"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007847","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SKL202302022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKL202302022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62375262"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62375262"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFF0714700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFF0714700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019QZKK020802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK020802"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["QT202106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QT202106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20210201026GX"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210201026GX"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20210204188YY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210204188YY"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SKL202302022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKL202302022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62375262"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62375262"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFF0714700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFF0714700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019QZKK020802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK020802"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["QT202106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QT202106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20210201026GX"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210201026GX"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20210204188YY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210204188YY"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Second Comprehensive Scientific Investigation of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","award":["SKL202302022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKL202302022"]}]},{"name":"Second Comprehensive Scientific Investigation of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","award":["62375262"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62375262"]}]},{"name":"Second Comprehensive Scientific Investigation of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","award":["2023YFF0714700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFF0714700"]}]},{"name":"Second Comprehensive Scientific Investigation of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","award":["2019QZKK020802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK020802"]}]},{"name":"Second Comprehensive Scientific Investigation of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","award":["QT202106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QT202106"]}]},{"name":"Second Comprehensive Scientific Investigation of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","award":["20210201026GX"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210201026GX"]}]},{"name":"Second Comprehensive Scientific Investigation of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","award":["20210204188YY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210204188YY"]}]},{"name":"Young Talent of Lifting Engineering for Science and Technology in Jilin","award":["SKL202302022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKL202302022"]}]},{"name":"Young Talent of Lifting Engineering for Science and Technology in Jilin","award":["62375262"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62375262"]}]},{"name":"Young Talent of Lifting Engineering for Science and Technology in Jilin","award":["2023YFF0714700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFF0714700"]}]},{"name":"Young Talent of Lifting Engineering for Science and Technology in Jilin","award":["2019QZKK020802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK020802"]}]},{"name":"Young Talent of Lifting Engineering for Science and Technology in Jilin","award":["QT202106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QT202106"]}]},{"name":"Young Talent of Lifting Engineering for Science and Technology in Jilin","award":["20210201026GX"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210201026GX"]}]},{"name":"Young Talent of Lifting Engineering for Science and Technology in Jilin","award":["20210204188YY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210204188YY"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Development Project of Jilin Province","award":["SKL202302022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKL202302022"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Development Project of Jilin Province","award":["62375262"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62375262"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Development Project of Jilin Province","award":["2023YFF0714700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFF0714700"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Development Project of Jilin Province","award":["2019QZKK020802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK020802"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Development Project of Jilin Province","award":["QT202106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QT202106"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Development Project of Jilin Province","award":["20210201026GX"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210201026GX"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Development Project of Jilin Province","award":["20210204188YY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210204188YY"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dissolved gases in the aquatic environment are critical to understanding the population of aquatic organisms and the ocean. Currently, laser absorption techniques based on membrane separation technology have made great strides in dissolved gas detection. However, the prolonged water\u2013gas separation time of permeable membranes remains a key obstacle to the efficiency of dissolved gas analysis. To mitigate these limitations, we demonstrated direct measurement of dissolved gas using the evanescent-wave absorption spectroscopy of a tapered silica micro-fiber. It enhanced the analysis efficiency of dissolved gases without water\u2013gas separation or sample preparation. The feasibility of this sensor for direct measurement of dissolved gases was verified by taking the detection of dissolved ammonia as an example. With a sensing length of 5 mm and a consumption of ~50 \u00b5L, this sensor achieves a system response time of ~11 min and a minimum detection limit (MDL) of 0.015%. Possible strategies are discussed for further performance improvement in in-situ applications requiring fast and highly sensitive dissolved gas sensing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24103200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]],"date-time":"2024-05-17T12:02:23Z","timestamp":1715947343000},"page":"3200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Direct Measurement of Dissolved Gas Using a Tapered Single-Mode Silica Fiber"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Panpan","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing for Optical Systems (CAS), Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengpeng","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing for Optical Systems (CAS), Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Licai","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Luminescence Science and Technology (SKLST), Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing for Optical Systems (CAS), Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2474-2235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinguang","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing for Optical Systems (CAS), Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing for Optical Systems (CAS), Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingqiu","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing for Optical Systems (CAS), Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9875-7500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing for Optical Systems (CAS), Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo1765","article-title":"Processes and patterns of oceanic nutrient limitation","volume":"6","author":"Moore","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaam7240","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aam7240","article-title":"Declining oxygen in the global ocean and coastal waters","volume":"359","author":"Breitburg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143227","article-title":"Oxygen decline in a temperate marginal sea: Contribution of warming and eutrophication","volume":"757","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JC011484","article-title":"Seasonal variations of seawater pCO2 and sea-air CO2 fluxes in a fringing coral reef, northern South China Sea","volume":"121","author":"Yan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113108","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4916211","article-title":"Water-responsive carbon nanotubes for selective detection of toxic gases","volume":"106","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-7388(00)80786-3","article-title":"A study of organic-compound pervaporation through silicone-rubber","volume":"49","author":"Watson","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2009.12.001","article-title":"Sensors and technologies for in situ dissolved methane measurements and their evaluation using Technology Readiness Levels","volume":"29","author":"Boulart","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trac-Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1002\/crat.201300309","article-title":"High-performance gas-sensing properties of octahedral NiO crystals prepared via one-step controllable synthesis route","volume":"49","author":"Lv","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cryst. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2007.11.053","article-title":"Active methane venting observed at giant pockmarks along the US mid-Atlantic shelf break","volume":"267","author":"Newman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8123","DOI":"10.1021\/es070905d","article-title":"Calibration of an in situ membrane inlet mass spectrometer for measurements of dissolved gases and volatile organics in seawater","volume":"41","author":"Bell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jasms.2008.07.021","article-title":"Application of Membrane Inlet Mass Spectrometry for Online and In Situ Analysis of Methane in Aquatic Environments","volume":"19","author":"Gentz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1071\/AJ17079","article-title":"Using autonomous underwater gliders for geochemical exploration surveys","volume":"58","author":"Craddock","year":"2018","journal-title":"APPEA J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-13-00083.1","article-title":"In situ Quality Assessment of a Novel Underwater pCO2 Sensor Based on Membrane Equilibration and NDIR Spectrometry","volume":"31","author":"Fietzek","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, K., Zheng, C., Zhang, H., Guan, G., Zhang, Y., Wang, Y., and Tittel, F.K. (2021). A novel gas sensing scheme using near-infrared multi-input multi-output off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy (MIMO-OA-ICOS). Spectrochim. Acta Part A-Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc., 256.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2021.119745"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2022.108299","article-title":"Detection of ultra-low concentration acetylene gas dissolved in oil based on fiber-optic photoacoustic sensing","volume":"154","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Wen, M., Li, Y., Wan, P., and Chen, C. (2019). High-Precision 13CO2\/12CO2 Isotopic Ratio Measurement Using Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy at 4.3 \u00b5m for Deep-Sea Natural Gas Hydrate Exploration. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9173444"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5598","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.27.005598","article-title":"ICL-based mid-infrared carbon dioxide sensor system for deep-sea natural gas hydrate exploration","volume":"27","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8178","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.0c00327","article-title":"Midinfrared Sensor System Based on Tunable Laser Absorption Spectroscopy for Dissolved Carbon Dioxide Analysis in the South China Sea: System-Level Integration and Deployment","volume":"92","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7200","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2020.2975404","article-title":"A Prototype of ppbv-Level Midinfrared CO2 Sensor for Potential Application in Deep-Sea Natural Gas Hydrate Exploration","volume":"69","author":"Ren","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1021\/es303661w","article-title":"Characterizing the Distribution of Methane Sources and Cycling in the Deep Sea via in Situ Stable Isotope Analysis","volume":"47","author":"Wankel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, M., Chen, B., Yao, L., Yang, C., Chen, X., and Kan, R. (2021). A Fiber-Integrated CRDS Sensor for In-Situ Measurement of Dissolved Carbon Dioxide in Seawater. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21196436"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1002\/lom3.10092","article-title":"Automated, in situ measurements of dissolved CO2, CH4, and \u03b413C values using cavity enhanced laser absorption spectrometry: Comparing response times of air-water equilibrators","volume":"14","author":"Webb","year":"2016","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr.-Methods"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12938","DOI":"10.1021\/es4027776","article-title":"Novel Use of Cavity Ring-down Spectroscopy to Investigate Aquatic Carbon Cycling from Microbial to Ecosystem Scales","volume":"47","author":"Maher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, H., Zhang, H., Hu, M., Hu, M., Zhou, Y., Liang, J., and Wang, Q. (2023). A Fiber-Coupled Quartz-Enhanced Photoacoustic Sensor for Dissolved Gas Detection. Photonics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/photonics10020127"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2009.06.047","article-title":"Gas permeation through a synthesized composite PDMS\/PES membrane","volume":"342","author":"Sadrzadeh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Jin, W., Hu, M., Hu, M., Liang, J., and Wang, Q. (2021). Investigation and Optimization of a Line-Locked Quartz Enhanced Spectrophone for Rapid Carbon Dioxide Measurement. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21155225"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1063\/1.98888","article-title":"Fiberoptic evanescent field absorption sensor","volume":"51","author":"Paul","year":"1987","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.12.000437","article-title":"Fiberoptic evanescent-wave methane-gas sensor usin optical-absorption for the 3.392 \u00b5m line of a He-Ne-laser","volume":"12","author":"Tai","year":"1987","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/10\/12\/310","article-title":"Mid-infrared evanescent wave sensors\u2014A novel approach for subsea monitoring","volume":"10","author":"Mizaikoff","year":"1999","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raichlin, Y., Marx, S., Gerber, L., and Katzir, A. (2004, January 25\u201328). Infrared fiber optic evanescent wave spectroscopy and its applications for the detection of toxic materials in water, in situ and in real time. Proceedings of the Optically Based Biological and Chemical Sensing for Defence, London, UK.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.597441"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1021\/ac201664p","article-title":"In Situ Trace Analysis of Oil in Water with Mid-Infrared Fiberoptic Chemical Sensors","volume":"84","author":"Luzinova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2525","DOI":"10.1038\/srep02525","article-title":"Determination of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Water Using Highly Sensitive Mid-Infrared Sensor Technology","volume":"3","author":"Lu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2018.08.025","article-title":"Spectroscopy analysis of mixed organic liquid detection with Ge20Se60Te20 glass-tapered fiber","volume":"500","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6976","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2021.3104407","article-title":"A Gas-Liquid Sensor Functionalized With Graphene-Oxide on Chalcogenide Tapered Fiber by Chemical Etching","volume":"39","author":"Qi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alimagham, F., Winterburn, J., Dolman, B., Domingues, P.M., Everest, F., Platkov, M., Basov, S., Izakson, G., Katzir, A., and Elliott, S.R. (2021). Real-time bioprocess monitoring using a mid-infrared fibre-optic sensor. Biochem. Eng. J., 167.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2020.107889"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2020.115892","article-title":"Recent advances in fiber-optic evanescent wave sensors for monitoring organic and inorganic pollutants in water","volume":"127","author":"Jiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trac-Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dettenrieder, C., Raichlin, Y., Katzir, A., and Mizaikoff, B. (2019). Toward the Required Detection Limits for Volatile Organic Constituents in Marine Environments with Infrared Evanescent Field Chemical Sensors. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19173644"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romanova, E., Korsakova, S., and Shiryaev, V. (2020, January 19\u201323). Multimode Chalcogenide Fibre Based Platform for the Mid-IR Evanescent Wave Spectroscopy of Liquids. Proceedings of the 2020 22nd International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON), Bari, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTON51198.2020.9248700"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6232","DOI":"10.3390\/s90806232","article-title":"Mid-Infrared Sensing of Organic Pollutants in Aqueous Environments","volume":"9","author":"Pejcic","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2019.02.025","article-title":"Chemically modified optical fibers in advanced technology: An overview","volume":"115","author":"Shukla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"034205","DOI":"10.7498\/aps.69.20191515","article-title":"Linewidth compression of tunable Tm-doped fiber laser and its hyperspectral absorption application","volume":"69","author":"Tao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Phys. Sin."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mikl\u00f3s, A., Hess, P., Romolini, A., Spada, C., Lancia, A., Kamm, S., and Sch\u00e4fer, S. (1998, January 23\u201327). Measurement of the (\u03bd2 + 2\u03bd3) band of methane by photoacoustic and long path absorption spectroscopy. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Photoacoustic and Photothermal Phenomena, Rome, Italy.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.58192"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecs.2022.100997","article-title":"Laser sensors for energy systems and process industries: Perspectives and directions","volume":"91","author":"Farooq","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog. Energy Combust. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Snyder, A.W., and Love, J.D. (1983). Optical Waveguide Theory, Chapman and Hall London."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1080\/01468039408202251","article-title":"Fiberoptic evanescent field absorption sensor\u2014A theoretical evaluation","volume":"13","author":"Gupta","year":"1994","journal-title":"Fiber Integr. Opt."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s00340-008-2932-7","article-title":"Fiber optic evanescent field sensor for detection of explosives and CO2 dissolved in water","volume":"90","author":"Orghici","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. B-Lasers Opt."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1109\/50.134196","article-title":"The shape of fiber tapers","volume":"10","author":"Birks","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2021.107949","article-title":"The HITRAN2020 molecular spectroscopic database","volume":"277","author":"Gordon","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2022.108932","article-title":"Mid-infrared absorption spectroscopy of ethylene at 10.5 \u00b5m using a chalcogenide hollow-core antiresonant fiber","volume":"158","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5090","DOI":"10.3390\/en8065090","article-title":"Evaluation of CH4 Gas Permeation Rates through Silicone Membranes and Its Possible Use as CH4-Extractor in Gas Hydrate Deposits","volume":"8","author":"Schicks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33817","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.472205","article-title":"Rapid and sensitive detection of ammonia in water by a long period fiber grating sensor coated with sol-gel silica","volume":"30","author":"Gan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.11.000215","article-title":"Transmission property and evanescent wave absorption of cladded multimode fiber tapers","volume":"11","author":"Guo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5725","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.39.005725","article-title":"High-sensitivity ring-down evanescent-wave sensing in fiber resonators","volume":"39","author":"Avino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29865-6","article-title":"Dual-comb photothermal spectroscopy","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2024.110968","article-title":"Zero-absorption-assisted multitask learning for simultaneous measurement of acetylene concentration and gas pressure from overlap-deformed spectra","volume":"176","author":"Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300105","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202300105","article-title":"Analysis of Gas Mixtures with Broadband Dual Frequency Comb Spectroscopy and Unsupervised Learning Neural Network","volume":"5","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Intell. Syst."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/10\/3200\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:44:14Z","timestamp":1760107454000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/10\/3200"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s24103200"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24103200","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]]}}}