{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T20:45:18Z","timestamp":1769201118329,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]],"date-time":"2024-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022R1F1A1072478"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1F1A1072478"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microwave couplers are used in large numbers in beamforming networks, and their miniaturization can lead to a significant size reduction in the overall phased array. While the miniaturization of 3 dB couplers in the transverse direction (width) has been given considerable attention in the literature, there is minimal to no information on reducing coupler length. This is because of the trade-off between aperture length, bandwidth and coupling strength. The Bethe\u2013Hole theory requires adding multiple apertures in the longitudinal direction for wide bandwidth, thus increasing the device length. Another factor is the aperture size, which determines the coupling strength and puts additional strain on the compactness of a 3 dB coupler. Contrariwise, this paper proposes to merge two weak (and hence compact) coupling mechanisms to design a wideband 3 dB coupler. This is achieved by using a longitudinal rectangular slot and three cross-slots in the transverse direction. Because of weak coupling, the slot sizes are smaller than a conventional 3 dB coupler, hence yielding a device whose length is less than one guided wavelength (\u03bbg) without compromising the bandwidth. The presented coupler is 0.63 \u03bbg in length, which is smaller than the state-of-the-art while maintaining a fractional bandwidth of 37% that is comparable to half-mode substrate integrated waveguide (HMSIW) couplers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24113376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]],"date-time":"2024-05-24T11:17:52Z","timestamp":1716549472000},"page":"3376","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Multi-Aperture Technique for Longitudinal Miniaturization of UWB 3 dB Dual-Layer SIW Coupler"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4806-4428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad","family":"Bilal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Smart Air Mobility, Korea Aerospace University, Goyang 10540, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdul","family":"Hadee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Smart Air Mobility, Korea Aerospace University, Goyang 10540, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yash H.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Smart Air Mobility, Korea Aerospace University, Goyang 10540, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8705-1473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sohom","family":"Bhattacharjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Smart Air Mobility, Korea Aerospace University, Goyang 10540, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0833-5254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Choon Sik","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Korea Aerospace University, Goyang 10540, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7593","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2021.3076677","article-title":"Coexistence-mode CRLH SIW transmission line and its application for longitudinal miniaturized Butler matrix and multibeam array antenna","volume":"69","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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