{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:07:45Z","timestamp":1760144865340,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["XDB21000000","SKLST202011","12103059","E019XK104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDB21000000","SKLST202011","12103059","E019XK104"]}]},{"name":"The Open Project Fund of State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["XDB21000000","SKLST202011","12103059","E019XK104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDB21000000","SKLST202011","12103059","E019XK104"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["XDB21000000","SKLST202011","12103059","E019XK104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDB21000000","SKLST202011","12103059","E019XK104"]}]},{"name":"Planned project of Xi\u2019an Bureau of science and technology, China","award":["XDB21000000","SKLST202011","12103059","E019XK104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDB21000000","SKLST202011","12103059","E019XK104"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we present a high-precision optical frequency noise detection and comparison technique using a two-way transfer method over a 260 km field fiber link. This method allows for the comparison of optical frequencies between remote optical references without the need for data transfer through communication. We extend a previously established two-way comparison technique to obtain all data at the local site. Two optical carrier signals are injected into the bidirectional fiber from both ends, and one carrier is reflected back from the remote end. This enables the phase comparison of the two carrier signals at a single site without the need to transmit experimental data. The common-mode frequency noise induced by the bidirectional fiber link is detected and effectively suppressed without the need for sophisticated active fiber noise control. Our demonstration system, which uses a 260 km field fiber link and a common laser source, achieves a fractional instability of 2.5\u00d710\u221217 at 1 s averaging time and scales down to 3.5\u00d710\u221221 at 8000 s. This scheme offers the distinct advantage of completing the comparison at a single site, eliminating the need for remote data transfer via communication. This method is expected to enhance reliability for high-precision frequency comparisons between remote optical clocks and advanced atomic clocks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24113483","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T13:32:55Z","timestamp":1716903175000},"page":"3483","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["High-Precision Fiber Noise Detection and Comparison over a 260 km Field Fiber Link"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4973-4825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qi","family":"Zang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3 Shuyuandong Road, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Time Reference and Applications, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3 Shuyuandong Road, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3 Shuyuandong Road, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Time Reference and Applications, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3 Shuyuandong Road, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3 Shuyuandong Road, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Time Reference and Applications, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3 Shuyuandong Road, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3 Shuyuandong Road, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Time Reference and Applications, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3 Shuyuandong Road, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8993-041X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Le","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3 Shuyuandong Road, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Time Reference and Applications, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3 Shuyuandong Road, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Yucan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3 Shuyuandong Road, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Time Reference and Applications, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3 Shuyuandong Road, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Ru","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3 Shuyuandong Road, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Time Reference and Applications, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3 Shuyuandong Road, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7338-6843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3 Shuyuandong Road, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Time Reference and Applications, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3 Shuyuandong Road, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"}]},{"given":"Dongdong","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3 Shuyuandong Road, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Time Reference and Applications, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3 Shuyuandong Road, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1108-0459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guanjun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3 Shuyuandong Road, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Time Reference and Applications, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3 Shuyuandong Road, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3 Shuyuandong Road, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Time Reference and Applications, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3 Shuyuandong Road, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6706-8980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruifang","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3 Shuyuandong Road, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Time Reference and Applications, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3 Shuyuandong Road, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Shougang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3 Shuyuandong Road, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Time Reference and Applications, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3 Shuyuandong Road, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16498","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.016498","article-title":"All-optical link for direct comparison of distant optical clocks","volume":"19","author":"Fujieda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1192720","article-title":"Optical Clocks and Relativity","volume":"329","author":"Chou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schiller, S., Tino, G.M., Gill, P., Salomon, C., Sterr, U., Peik, E., Nevsky, A., Goerlitz, A., Svehla, D., and Ferrari, G. (2009). Einstein Gravity Explorer\u2014A Medium-Class Fundamental Physics Mission, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10686-008-9126-5"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"133","article-title":"On a relativistic geodesy","volume":"82","author":"Bjerhammar","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"67","article-title":"Atomic clocks: New prospects in metrology and geodesy","volume":"7","author":"Delva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Time Meas. Methods"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"070802","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.104.070802","article-title":"Frequency Comparison of Two High-Accuracy Al+ Optical Clocks","volume":"104","author":"Chou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"090801","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.108.090801","article-title":"High-Accuracy Optical Clock Based on the Octupole Transition in Yb+171","volume":"108","author":"Huntemann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Peik, E., Zimmermann, K., Okhapkin, M., and Tamm, C. (2015). Frequency Standards and Metrology, World Scientific."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012059","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/723\/1\/012059","article-title":"Towards a measurement of the nuclear clock transition in 229 Th","volume":"723","author":"Stellmer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2625","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2012.2503","article-title":"Carrier-phase-based two-way satellite time and frequency transfer","volume":"59","author":"Fujieda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control IEEE Trans."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110801","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.111.110801","article-title":"Optical-frequency transfer over a single-span 1840 km fiber link. European Frequency and Time Forum and International Frequency Control Symposium","volume":"111","author":"Droste","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33927","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.23.033927","article-title":"Cascaded optical fiber link using the internet network for remote clocks comparison","volume":"23","author":"Chiodo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zang, Q., Quan, H., Zhao, K., Zhang, X., Deng, X., Xue, W., Chen, F., Liu, T., Dong, R., and Zhang, S. (2021). High-Precision Time-Frequency Signal Simultaneous Transfer System via a WDM-Based Fiber Link. Photonics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/photonics8080325"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27884-3","article-title":"Comparing ultrastable lasers at 7 \u00d7 10-17 fractional frequency instability through a 2220 km optical fibre network","volume":"13","author":"Schioppo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infrared.2022.104511","article-title":"Cascaded transfer of optical frequency with a relay station over a 224 km deployed fiber link","volume":"128","author":"Zang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infrared Phys. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"054205","DOI":"10.1088\/1674-1056\/ab7b4f","article-title":"Cascaded optical frequency transfer over 500-km fiber link using regenerative amplifier","volume":"29","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. Phys. B"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2022.108738","article-title":"Passively stable dissemination of ultrastable optical frequency via a noisy field fiber network","volume":"157","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calosso, C.E., Bertacco, E.K., Calonico, D., Levi, F., and Costanzo, G.A. (2013, January 21\u201325). Tracking DDS for coherent optical links. Proceedings of the European Frequency and Time Forum and International Frequency Control Symposium, Prague, Czech Republic.","DOI":"10.1109\/EFTF-IFC.2013.6702284"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.39.001177","article-title":"Frequency transfer via a two-way optical phase comparison on a multiplexed fiber network","volume":"39","author":"Calosso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"061802","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.90.061802","article-title":"Two-way optical frequency comparisons at 5 \u00d7 10-21 relative stability over 100-km telecommunication network fibers","volume":"90","author":"Bercy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s00340-017-6736-5","article-title":"Hybrid fiber links for accurate optical frequency comparison","volume":"123","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. B"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6074","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.404866","article-title":"Unidirectional two-way optical frequency comparison and its fundamental limitations","volume":"45","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qi, Z., Xue, D., Jie, L., Jiao, D., Jing, G., Xiang, Z., Dan, W., Guanjun, X., Ruifang, D., and Tao, L. (2018, January 10\u201312). Two-way optical phase comparison at 10 -21 level. Proceedings of the 2018 European Frequency and Time Forum (EFTF), Turin, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/EFTF.2018.8409051"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qi, Z., Xue, D., Jiao, D., Jie, L., Xiang, Z., Jing, G., Dan, W., Ruifang, D., Tao, L., and Shougang, Z. (2019, January 5\u20138). Two-way Optical Phase Comparison at 10-21 Level over 200-km fiber link. Proceedings of the 2019 18th International Conference on Optical Communications and Networks (ICOCN), Huangshan, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICOCN.2019.8934273"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiao, D.D., Gao, J., Liu, J., Deng, X., Xu, G.J., Chen, J.P., Dong, R.F., Liu, T., and Zhang, S.G. (2015). Development and application of communication band narrow linewidth lasers. Acta Phys. Sin., 64.","DOI":"10.7498\/aps.64.190601"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAB.25.001284","article-title":"High-stability transfer of an optical frequency over long fiber-optic links","volume":"25","author":"Williams","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. B"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3056","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.32.003056","article-title":"Coherent transfer of an optical carrier over 251 km","volume":"32","author":"Newbury","year":"2007","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/11\/3483\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:49:39Z","timestamp":1760107779000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/11\/3483"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s24113483"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24113483","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]]}}}