{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:09:09Z","timestamp":1760144949822,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]],"date-time":"2024-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks demand a more efficient implementation of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) schemes for severe multipath fading environments to serve multiple users. Using non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) schemes in IoT 6G networks is a promising solution to allow multiple users to share the same spectral and temporal resource, increasing spectral efficiency and improving the network\u2019s capacity. In this work, we have evaluated the performance of a novel progressive pattern interleaver (PPI) employed to distinguish the users in interleaved division multiple access (IDMA) schemes, suggested by 3GPP guidelines as a NOMA scheme, with two multi-carrier modulation schemes known as single-carrier frequency-division multiple access (SC-FDMA) and orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), resulting in SC-FDMA-IDMA and OFDM-IDMA schemes. Both schemes are multi-carrier schemes with orthogonal sub-carriers to deal against inter-symbol interference (ISI) and orthogonal interleavers for the simultaneous access of multiple users. It has been suggested through simulation outcomes that PPI performance is adequate with SC-FDMA-IDMA and OFDM-IDMA schemes in terms of bit error rate (BER) under multipath channel conditions. Moreover, regarding bandwidth requirement and the implementation complexity of the transmitted interleaver structure, PPI is superior to the conventional random interleaver (RI).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24113648","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]],"date-time":"2024-06-04T11:48:50Z","timestamp":1717501730000},"page":"3648","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Progressive Pattern Interleaver with Multi-Carrier Modulation Schemes and Iterative Multi-User Detection in IoT 6G Environments with Multipath Channels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Shivani","family":"Dixit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics & Communication, Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208001, India"}]},{"given":"Varun","family":"Shukla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics & Communication, Allenhouse Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208001, India"}]},{"given":"Manoj Kumar","family":"Misra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Allenhouse Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208001, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3688-7235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose M.","family":"Jimenez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n para la Gesti\u00f3n Integrada de Zonas Costeras (IGIC), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Grao de Gandia, 46730 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0862-0533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaime","family":"Lloret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n para la Gesti\u00f3n Integrada de Zonas Costeras (IGIC), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Grao de Gandia, 46730 Valencia, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2294","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2835558","article-title":"A Survey of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access for 5G","volume":"20","author":"Dai","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. 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