{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T05:17:58Z","timestamp":1779081478096,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]],"date-time":"2024-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the field of armored vehicles, up to 70% of accidents are associated with low levels of situational awareness among the occupants, highlighting the importance of situational awareness in improving task performance. In this study, we explored the mechanisms influencing situational awareness by simulating an armored vehicle driving platform with 14 levels of experimentation in terms of five factors: experience, expectations, attention, the cueing channel, and automation. The experimental data included SART and SAGAT questionnaire scores, eye movement indicators, and electrocardiographic and electrodermal signals. Data processing and analysis revealed the following conclusions: (1) Experienced operators have higher levels of situational awareness. (2) Operators with certain expectations have lower levels of situational awareness. (3) Situational awareness levels are negatively correlated with information importance affiliations and the frequency of anomalous information in non-primary tasks. (4) Dual-channel cues lead to higher levels of situational awareness than single-channel cues. (5) Operators\u2019 situational awareness is lower at high automation levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24113688","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]],"date-time":"2024-06-06T08:45:37Z","timestamp":1717663537000},"page":"3688","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Factors Affecting the Situational Awareness of Armored Vehicle Occupants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Zihan","family":"Pei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100091, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenyu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100091, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Long","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100091, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3928-2060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziye","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100091, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3632-5910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100091, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yixiang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100091, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoping","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100091, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Endsley, M.R., and Robertson, M.M. 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